Claude Auchinleck

Fil Marsyal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck, GCB, GCIE, CSI, DSO, OBE (21 Jun 1884 – 23 Mac 1981) adalah seorang panglima Tentera Darat British semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Beliau adalah seorang askar berkerjaya yang menghabiskan banyak masa tenteranya di India, di mana beliau naik menjadi Panglima Tertinggi Tentera India menjelang awal tahun 1941. Pada Julai 1941 beliau telah dilantik sebagai Panglima Tertinggi Kancah Timur Tengah, tetapi selepas kejayaan awal, perang di Afrika Utara beralih menentang British, dan beliau dipecat dari jawatan itu pada 1942 semasa kegawatan kempen Alamein.

Sir Claude Auchinleck
Sir Claude Auchinleck sebagai Panglima Tertinggi Tentera Darat India
Nama samaran	The Auk
Kelahiran	(1884-06-21)21 Jun 1884 Aldershot, Hampshire, England[1][2][note 1]
Meninggal dunia	23 Mac 1981(1981-03-23) (umur 96) Marrakech, Maghribi
Kesetiaan	United Kingdom
Perkhidmatan	Tentera India British
Tahun perkhidmatan	1904–1947
Pangkat	Fil Marsyal
Arahan	Pemerintah Tertinggi India dan Pakistan (1947–48) Panglima Tertinggi, India (1941, 1943–47) Markas Timur Tengah (1941–42) Markas Selatan (1940)[3] Kor V (1940) Panglima Tertinggi, Norway Utara (1940) Kor IV (1940) Divisyen Ke-3 Infantri India (1939) Daerah Meerut (1938) Briged Peshawar (1933–36) Batalion Pertama, Rejimen Pertama Punjab (1929–30)
Pertempuran	Perang Dunia II Kempen Mesopotamia Pertempuran Hanna Pertempuran Kut Kedua Kejatuhan Baghdad Kempen Mohmand Perang Dunia II Kempen Norway Kempen Afrika Utara
Anugerah	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath[4] Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Indian Empire[5] Companion of the Order of the Star of India[6] Distinguished Service Order[7] Officer of the Order of the British Empire Dipuji Dalam Perutusan (3)[7][8][9] Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA)[10] Virtuti Militari (Poland)[11] Order of the Star of Nepal (Nepal)[12] Knight Grand Cross of Order of St. Olav (Norway)[13] Military Cross (Czechoslovakia)[14] Croix de guerre (Perancis)[15]
Tugas lain	Kolonel Battalion Pertama Rejimen Pertama Punjab (Januari 1933)[16] Kolonel Fusiliers Inniskilling Diraja (April 1941)[17] Kolonel Batalion Pertama Grenadier Ke-4 Bombay (Julai 1939)[18] Kolonel Grenadier Ke-4 Bombay (Mei 1944)[19] Kolonel [Rejimen Pertama Punjab]] (1947)[16]

Jeneral Sir Claude Auchinleck, Panglima Tertinggi, Timur Tengah pada Jun 1941-Ogos 1942

Pada Jun 1943, beliau sekali lagi dilantik sebagai Panglima Tertinggi, India, dimana sokongannya melalui penyusunan bekalan, penyelenggaraan dan latihan untuk Tentera Darat Keempat Belas William Slim memainkan satu peranan penting dalam kejayaannya. Beliau berkhidmat sebagai Panglima Tertinggi, India sehingga pembahagian negara itu pada 1947, apabila beliau menjawat peranan Pemerintah Tertinggi semua tentera British di India dan Pakistan hingga hujung tahun 1948.

Anugerah kebesaran

• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1 January 1945)^[4]
• Companion of the Order of the Bath (3 July 1934) Mohmand operations 7 October 1933^[20]
• Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (20 December 1940)^[5]
• Companion of the Order of the Star of India (8 May 1936) Mohmand operations 8 October 1935^[6]
• Distinguished Service Order (3 June 1917)^[7]
• Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division) (3 June 1919)
• Dipuji Dalam Perutusan, 2 kali (World War I and 3 July 1934 – Mohmand operations)^[8][9]
• Croix de Guerre with Palm (France, 1918 and 1949)^[15]
• Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States, 23 July 1948)^[10]
• Virtuti Militari, 5th class (Poland, 15 May 1942)^[11]
• Member First Class Order of the Star of Nepal (Nepal)^[21]
• War Cross (Czechoslovakia, 1944)^[14]
• Order of the Star of Nepal (Nepal, 1945)^[12]
• Knight Grand Cross of Order of St Olav (Norway, 19 March 1948)^[13]

Penerbitan

• Auchinleck, Claude (8 March 1942). Operations in the Middle East 5th July 1941 to 31 October 1942. London: War Office..

  (Auchinleck's Official Middle East Despatch published after the war in "No. 37695". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 August 1946. m/s. 4215–4230.)

• Auchinleck, Claude (26 January 1943). Operations in the Middle East 1st November 1941 to 15 August 1942. London: War Office..

  (Auchinleck's Official Middle East Despatch published after the war in "No. 38177". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 January 1948. m/s. 309–400.)

• Auchinleck, Claude (22 November 1945). Operations in the Indo-Burma Theatre based on India from 21st June 1943 to 15 November 1943. London: War Office..

  (Auchinleck's Official Indo-Burma Despatch published after the war in "No. 38274". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 April 1948. m/s. 2651–2684.)

Rujukan

Nota

1. Other sources, including the online Dictionary of Ulster Biography Diarkibkan 6 Julai 2007 di Wayback Machine, wrongly state that Auchinleck was born in Co Fermanagh, Ulster

Petikan

1. FreeBMD Birth Index, 1837–1915. 1884, Q3-Jul–Aug–Sep, A, 9. Auchinleck, Claud John E, Farnham. Vol 2a. Page 95. "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Dicapai pada 8 September 2011. (Farnham is the district including Aldershot.)
2. Warner (1991), p. 131
3. "No. 35559". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 May 1942. m/s. 744.
4. "No. 36866". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1944. m/s. 3.
5. "No. 35019". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 December 1940. m/s. 7109.
6. "No. 34282". The London Gazette. 8 May 1936. m/s. 2974.
8. "No. 34066". The London Gazette. 3 July 1934. m/s. 4227.
9. "No. 34282". The London Gazette. 8 May 1936. m/s. 2979.
10. "No. 38359". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 July 1948. m/s. 4189.
11. "No. 35559". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 May 1942. m/s. 2113.
12. Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1976). Burke's Irish Family Records. London, U.K.: Burkes Peerage Ltd. m/s. 331.
13. "No. 38240". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1948. m/s. 1919.
14. "No. 36103". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 July 1943. m/s. 3319.
15. Edinburgh Gazette, 4 September 1917
16. Qureshi, Maj MI. (1958). The First Punjabis: History of the First Punjab Regiment 1759–1956. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
17. "No. 35153". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 May 1941. m/s. 2571.
18. "No. 34649". The London Gazette. 28 July 1939. m/s. 5218.
19. "No. 36532". The London Gazette. 26 May 1944. m/s. 2443.
20. "No. 34066". The London Gazette. 3 July 1934. m/s. 4222.
21. Ishwari Prasad. "The Life and Times of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana of Nepal p.277". APH Publishing. Dicapai pada 22 May 2018.

Sumber

• Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2001). Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (penyunting). War Diaries 1939–1945. Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
• Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2003). Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947-1948: Political and Military Perspective. Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi. ISBN 978-8124109236.
• Barr, Niall (2005). Pendulum Of War: Three Battles at El Alamein. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712668279.
• Bond, Brian; Tachikawa, Kyoichi, penyunting (2004). British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945. London & New York: Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714656595.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.
• Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic. Chatto & Windus, London. ASIN B0011DPGZ4.
• Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
• Montgomery, Bernard (2005). The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery. Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN 978-1844153305.
• Nawaz, Shija (2009). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195476972.
• Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1960]. Butler, Sir James (penyunting). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X. Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (bantuan)
• Remy, Maurice Philip (2002). Mythos Rommel (dalam bahasa Jerman). Munich: List Verlag. ISBN 3-471-78572-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Stewart, Adrian (2010). The Early Battle of Eighth Army: crusader to the Alamein Line 1941–1942. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0811735360.
• Slim, Field Marshal Viscount (1972) [1956]. Defeat into Victory. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29114-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Warner, Philip (1982) [1981]. Auchinleck. The Lonely Soldier. London: Sphere Books. ISBN 0-7221-8905-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Warner, Philip (1991). Keegan, John (penyunting). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. ISBN 0-304-36712-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Woodburn Kirby, Major-General S. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1961]. Butler, Sir James (penyunting). The War Against Japan, Volume III: The Decisive Battles. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-062-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Bacaan lanjut

• Agar-Hamilton, J.A.I. (1952). Crisis In The Desert May–July 1942. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. ASIN B0015ZSSW6.
• Ammentorp, Steen. "Generals of World War II". Dicapai pada 28 September 2007.
• Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. "World War II unit histories and officers". Dicapai pada 28 September 2007.

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Claude Auchinleck.

• Templat:UK National Archives ID
• Auchinleck Papers at John Rylands Library, Manchester
• Petikan akbar mengenai Claude Auchinleck di 20th Century Press Archives daripada ZBW

Pegawai tentera
Perintah baharu	Panglima Kor IV Februari–Mei 1940	Diikuti oleh: Francis Nosworthy
	Panglima Kor V Jun–Julai 1940	Diikuti oleh: Bernard Montgomery
Didahului oleh Sir Alan Brooke	Panglima Markas Selatan Julai–Disember 1940	Diikuti oleh: Sir Harold Alexander
Didahului oleh Sir Robert Cassels	Panglima Tertinggi India 1941	Diikuti oleh: Sir Archibald Wavell
Didahului oleh Sir Archibald Wavell	Panglima Tertinggi Timur Tengah 1941–1942	Diikuti oleh: YB. Sir Harold Alexander
Didahului oleh Neil Ritchie	Panglima Tentera Darat Kelapan Jun–Ogos 1942	Diikuti oleh: Bernard Montgomery
Didahului oleh Sir Archibald Wavell	Panglima Tertinggi, India 1943–1947	Jawatan dimansuhkan
Gelaran baharu	Pemerintah Tertinggi, India dan Pakistan 1947–1948	Jawatan dimansuhkan bergabung dengan jawatan Gabenor Jeneral India dan Gabenor Jeneral Pakistan
Gelaran Kehormat
Didahului oleh Sir Travers Edwards Clarke	Kolonel Fusiliers Inniskilling Diraja 1941–1947	Diikuti oleh: Eric Edward James Moore

Templat:Commander-in-Chief, India