Alam samasta

Alam samasta (disabuik juo jagaik rayo atau universum^[9]) adolah saluruah ruang wakatu kontinu tampek sanak barado, jo energi dan materi nan dimilikinyo. Usaho untuak mamahami pangartian alam samasta dalam lingkup iko pado skala tabosegh nan mamungkinkan, ado pado kosmologi, ilimu pangatahuan nan bakambang dari fisika dan astronomi.

Alam samasta

Gamba Hubble Ultra Deep Field manunjuakkan babarapo galaksi paliang jauah nan tacaliak jo teknologi tarkini, masiang-masiang tadiri dari miliaran bintang.
Umua (dalam Model Lambda-CDM)	13,799 ± 0,021 milyar taun[1]
Diameter	Indak dikatahui (kamungkinan tak hingga).[2] Diameter alam samasta taramati: 8,8×1026 m (28,5 Gpc atau 93 Gly)[3]
Massa (materi biaso)	1053 kg[4]
Massa jenis rata-rata (termasuk kontribusi dari energi)	9,9 x 10−30 g/cm3[5]
Suhu rato-rato	2,72548 K (-270,4 °C atau -454,8 °F)[6]
Isi	Materi umum (barionik) (4,9%) Materi galok (26,8%) Energi galok (68,3%)[7]
Bantuak	Datar jo bateh kasalahan 0,4%[8]

Alam Samasta dapek juo didefinisikan sabagai sagalo sasuatu nan dianggap ado sacaro fisik, saluruah ruang dan wakatu, dan sagalo bantuak materi sarato energi. Istilah samasta atau jagaik rayo dapek digunoan dalam indra kontekstual nan saketek babedo, nan manunjuakkan konsep-konsep ajak kosmos, dunia, atau alam.

Definisi

Alam samasta fisik didefinisikan sabagai kasaluruahan ruang dan wakatu (sacaro kolektif disabuik ruang-wakatu) dan isinyo.^[10] Isi tasabuik tadiri dari sadonyo energi dalam babagai bantuak, tamasuak radiasi elektromagnetik dan materi.^[11][12][13] Alam samasta mancakuik juo hukum-hukum fisika nan mamangaruhi energi dan materi, ajak hukum kekekalan, mekanika klasik, dan relativitas.^[14]

Alam semesta salalu didefinisikan sabagai "satu-kasaluruahan kabaradoan", atau sagalo sasuatu nan ado, sagalo sasuatu nan alah ado, dan sagalo sasuatu nan akan ado.^[14] Bahkan, babarapo filsuf dan ilmuwan mandukuang panyarotoan gagasan dan konsep abstrak – ajak matematika dan logika – dalam definisi Alam samasta.^[15][16][17] Kato alam samasta dapek jua marujuak pado konsep-konsep ajak kosmos, dunia, dan alam.^[18][19]

Rujuakan

1. Planck Collaboration (2015). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See Table 4 on page 31 of pfd)". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: A13. arXiv:1502.01589 . Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830.
2. Greene, Brian (2011). The Hidden Reality. Alfred A. Knopf.
3. Itzhak Bars; John Terning (November 2009). Extra Dimensions in Space and Time. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-387-77637-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=fFSMatekilIC&pg=PA27. Diakses pado 1 Mai 2011.
4. Paul Davies (2006). The Goldilocks Enigma. First Mariner Books. p. 43ff. ISBN 978-0-618-59226-5.
5. NASA/WMAP Science Team (January 24, 2014). "Universe 101: What is the Universe Made Of?". NASA. Diakses tanggal February 17, 2015.
6. Fixsen, D. J. (2009). "The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (2): 916–20. arXiv:0911.1955 . Bibcode:2009ApJ...707..916F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916.
7. "First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting". Matthew Francis. Ars technica. March 21, 2013. Diakses tanggal August 21, 2015.
8. NASA/WMAP Science Team (January 24, 2014). "Universe 101: Will the Universe expand forever?". NASA. Diakses tanggal April 16, 2015.
9. Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, "universum", Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia edisi V, diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2018
10. Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics (edisi ke-4th). Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 978-0030062285. https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil. ""The totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be.""
11. "Universe". Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc.. 18 Oktober 2012. https://www.britannica.com/science/universe. Diakses pado 17 Pebruari 2018.
12. "Universe". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Diakses tanggal September 21, 2012.
13. "Universe". Dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal September 21, 2012.
14. Duco A. Schreuder (December 3, 2014). Vision and Visual Perception. Archway Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-1480812949. https://books.google.com/books?id=I7a7BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135.
15. Tegmark, Max (2008). "The Mathematical Universe". Foundations of Physics. 38 (2): 101–50. arXiv:0704.0646 . Bibcode:2008FoPh...38..101T. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9. a short version of which is available at Shut up and calculate. (in reference to David Mermin's famous quote "shut up and calculate" "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 15, 2016. Diakses tanggal June 2, 2015.
16. Jim Holt (2012). Why Does the World Exist?. Liveright Publishing. p. 308. https://archive.org/details/whydoesworldexis0000holt.
17. Timothy Ferris (1997). The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report. Simon & Schuster. p. 400. https://archive.org/details/wholeshebang00timo.
18. Paul Copan; William Lane Craig (2004). Creation Out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration. Baker Academic. p. 220. ISBN 978-0801027338. https://archive.org/details/creationoutofnot0000copa.
19. Alexander Bolonkin (November 2011). Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation. Elsevier. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-12-415801-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=TuWQx58ZnPsC&pg=PA3.

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• Media tantang alam samasta di Wikimedia Commons
• NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) / (NED-Distances).
• There are about 10⁸² atoms in the observable universe – LiveScience, July 2021.
• This is why we will never know everything about our universe – Forbes, May 2019.

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