ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ

ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ (ເຢຍລະມັນ: Deutsches Kaiserreich)^{[ໝາຍເຫດ 1][6][7][8][9]} ບາງຄັ້ງເອີ້ນວ່າ ເຢຍລະມັນອິມພີຣຽລ,^[10] ໄຣຊ໌ທີ່ສອງ^{[ໝາຍເຫດ 2][11]} ຫຼືອຮຽກຢ່າງງ່າຍວ່າ ເຢຍລະມັນ ແມ່ນສະໄໝຂອງໄຣຊ໌ເຢຍລະມັນ^[12] ຕັ້ງແຕ່ການຮວມຊາດເຢຍລະມັນໃນປີ ຄ.ສ. 1871 ຈົນເຖິງການປະຕິວັດເດືອນພະຈິກໃນປີ ຄ.ສ. 1918 ເມື່ອໄຣຊ໌ເຢຍລະມັນຖືກແທນທີ່ໂດຍລັດຖະບານສາທາລະນະລັດ^[13][14]

ຈັກກະວັດເຢຍລະມັນ Deutsches Reich ໄຣຊ໌ເຢຍລະມັນ
1871–1918
ທຸງຊາດ ເຄື່ອງໝາຍຊາດ[2]
ຄຳຂວັນ: ກອດທ໌ມິດອຸນສ໌ (ເຢຢລະມັນ)[3] Nobiscum Deus (ລາແຕັງ) ("ພະເຈົ້າສະຖິດກັບເຮາ")
ເພງຊາດ: ໄຮລ໌ເດຍອິມຊີເກີຣ໌ຄຣັນທຊ໌[4] ("ຂອພະຈັກກະພັດຜູ້ຊົງໄຊຈົງຊົງພະຈະເລິນ")
ດິນແດນເຢຍລະມັນກ່ອນສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີໜື່ງ (ຄ.ສ. 1914)
ເມືອງຫຼວງ	ເບີລິນ
ການປົກຄອງ	ຈັກກະວັດ
ຈັກກະພັດ
• 1871–1888	ວິລເຮັລ໌ມທີ 1
• 1888	ຟຣີດຣິຊທີ 3
• 1888–1918	ວິລເຮັລ໌ມທີ 2
ນາຍົກລັດຖະມົນຕີ
• 1871–1890	ອອດໂທ ຟອນ ບິສມາຣ໌ກ (ຄົນແຮກ)
• 1918	ເຈົ້າຊາຍມັກຊີມີລີອານແຫ່ງບາເດີນ (ຄົນທ້າຍ)
ສະພານິຕິບັນຍັດ	ໄຣຊສ໌ທາກ
ຍຸກປະຫວັດສາດ	ຈັກກະວັດນິຍົມສະໄໝໃໝ່ • ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີໜຶ່ງ
• ການຮວມຊາດ	18 ມັງກອນ 1871
• ລັດຖະທຳມະນູນ	16 ເມສາ 1871
• ການປະຊຸມເບີລິນ	15 ພະຈິກ 1884
• ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີໜຶ່ງ	28 ກໍລະກົດ 1914
• ການປະຕິວັດເຢຍລະມັນ	3 ພະຈິກ 1918
• ການສະລະຣາຊະສົມບັດຂອງວິລເຮັລ໌ມທີ່ 2[5]	9 ພະຈິກ 1918
ກ່ອນໜ້າ ຖັດໄປ ສະມາພັນທະລັດເຢຍລະມັນເໜືອ ບາວາເຣຍ ເວືຣ໌ທເທິມແບຣ໌ກ ບາເດີນ ເຮັສເຊິນ ຈັກກະວັດຝຣັ່ງ ສາທາລະນະລັດໄວມາຣ໌ ໂປແລນດ໌ ດິນແດນຊາຣ໌ ດັນທ໌ຊິກ ສາທາລະນະລັດຝຣັ່ງ ລິດຕັວນີ ເຊໂກສະໂລວາເກຍ

ໝາຍເຫດ

1. IPA: [ˌdɔʏtʃəs ˈkaɪzɐʁaɪç], Deutsches Reich
2. ເຢຍລະມັນ: Zweites Reich

ອ້າງອິງ

1. Seyler, Gustav A.:Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. Reprograf. Nachdr. von Siebmacher's Wappenbuch 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil (Nürnberg 1909 – 1929)
2. Seyler, Gustav A.:Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. Reprograf. Nachdr. von Siebmacher's Wappenbuch 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil (Nürnberg 1909 – 1929)
3. Preble, George Henry, History of the Flag of the United States of America: With a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations, 2nd ed, p. 102; A. Williams and co, 1880
4. Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.). Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung. Münster: Bachmann Verlag.
5. Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II
6. "German constitution of 1871" (in ເຢຍລະມັນ). German Wikisource. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
7. Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term Kaiserreich literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor, although Reich has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was Deutsches Reich, which is properly translated as "German Empire" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a "presidency" of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people, but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state. – "The German Empire." Harper's New Monthly Magazine. vol. 63, issue 376, pp. 591–603; here p. 593.ແມ່ແບບ:POV statement
8. World Book, Inc. The World Book dictionary, Volume 1. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.
9. Joseph Whitaker. Whitaker's almanack, 1991. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term Deutsches Reich being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.
10. See, for example, Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds., Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., Imperial Germany 1871–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
11. "German Empire". Britannica. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
12. Kitchen, Martin (2011). A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-44439-689-8.
13. Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane. "Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb". bpb.de (in ເຢຍລະມັນ). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
14. Sturm, Reinhard. "Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik". bpb.de (in ເຢຍລະມັນ). Retrieved 2020-09-21.