Testudines

Testudines sunt animalia classis reptilium, quibus est praecipua testa ossea vel cartilaginea, ex eorum costis evoluta et scutum agendum.^[3] Ordo species ambas exstantis exstinctasque comprehendit. Primae huius gregis species Iurassico medio ortae sunt,^[2] qua pro causa testudines sunt unus ex veterrimis reptilium gregibus, atque anguibus crocodiliisque antiquior. Ex 356 speciebus notis^[1] quae hodie in vita sunt, nonnullae in periculum addicuntur.^[1]

Terrapene carolina

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Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Reptilia 
Ordo : Testudines 
Batsch, 1788^[1]

   

Palaeontologia

Iurassico medio – Praesens,^[2] Aalenian–Holocaenum

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Subdivisiones: Subgreges

Cryptodira

Pleurodira

†Paracryptodira

Synonyma

* Chelonii Latreille 1800

• Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802

Territorium

Distributio geographica: caeruleus, testudines maritimi; niger, testudines terrestres

Testudines sunt ectothermi—animalia vulgo poikilothermi appellata—quod significat eorum temperaturam internum cum temperatura ambiente variare. Corporea autem Dermochelytis coriaceae temperatura, propter eius altam proportionem metabolicam, aqua circumpatenti insigniter altior est. Testudines amniota classificantur, cum aliis reptilibus, avibus, et mammalibus. Aliorum amniotorum similes, aerem suspirant, et ova in aqua non pariunt, quamquam multae species in aut prope aquam habitant.

Classificatio

Ordo Testudines Linnaeus, 1758

• Subordo Pleurodira Cope, 1864
  • Familia †Apertotemporalidae Kühne, 1937
  • Familia †Platychelyidae Brän, 1965 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
  • Familia †Dortokidae Lapparent de Broin & Murelaga, 1996
  • Familia †Notoemyidae Fernandez & Fuente, 1994
  • Superfamilia Cheloides Gray, 1825 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
    • Familia Chelidae Gray, 1825
  • Superfamilia Pelomedusoides Cope, 1868 sensu Broin 1988
    • Familia †Araripemydidae Price, 1973
    • Familia Pelomedusidae
    • Familia †Euraxemydidae Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
    • Familia †Bothremydidae Baur, 1891
    • Familia Podocnemididae Cope, 1868
• Subordo Cryptodira Duméril & Bibron, 1835
  • Infraordo Eucryptodira Gaffney, 1975a sensu Gaffney, 1984
    • Familia †Macrobaenidae Sukhanov 1964
    • Familia †Eurysternidae Dollo, 1886
    • Familia †Plesiochelyidae Baur, 1888
    • Familia †Xinjiangchelyidae Nesov, 1990
    • Cladus Centrocryptodira
      • Familia †Osteopygidae Zangerl, 1953
      • Familia †Sinemydidae Yeh, 1963
    • Cladus Polycryptodira Gaffney, 1988
      • Cladus Pantrionychia
        • Familia †Adocidae
        • Superfamilia Trionychoidea Gray, 1870
          • Familia Carettochelyidae Boulenger, 1887
          • Familia Trionychidae Fitzinger, 1826
        • Superfamilia Testudinoidea Baur, 1893
          • Familia †Haichemydidae Sukhanov & Narmandakh, 2006
          • Familia †Lindholmemydidae Chkhikvadze, 1970
          • Familia †Sinochelyidae Chkhikvadze, 1970
          • Familia Emydidae (Rafinesque, 1815)
          • Familia Geoemydidae Theobald, 1868
          • Familia Testudinidae Batsch, 1788
        • Cladus Americhelydia Crawford et al., 2014
          • Familia Chelydridae Gray, 1831
          • Superfamilis Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004
            • Familia Dermatemydidae Gray, 1870
            • Familia Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857
          • Superfamilia Chelonioidea Bauer, 1893
            • Familia †Toxochelyidae Baur, 1895
            • Familia Cheloniidae Oppel, 1811
            • Familia†Thalassemydidae
            • Familia Dermochelyidae Fitzinger, 1843
            • Familia †Protostegidae Cope, 1872
• Cladus †Paracryptodira
  • Familia †Pleurosternidae Cope, 1868
  • Familia †Compsemyidae
  • Familia †Baenidae Cope, 1882

Notae

Testudo maritimus in Henry Doorly Zoo Omahae Nebrascae.

1. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2017). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (ed. octava).. 7. pp. 1–292. ISBN 9781532350269 .
2. Joyce, Walter G. (2017). "A review of the fossil record of basal Mesozoic turtles". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 58 (1): 65–113 .
3. Hutchinson 1996.

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• Amato, George (2007) (video). A Conversation at the Museum of Natural History (.flv). POV25 .
• Angier, N. (12 Decembris 2012). "All but Ageless, Turtles Face Their Biggest Threat: Humans" 
• Anquetin, J. (2012). "Reassessment of the phylogenetic interrelationships of basal turtles (Testudinata)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (1): 3–45 
• Barzyk, J.E. (November 1999). "Turtles in Crisis: The Asian Food Markets". Tortoise Trust 
• Benton, M. J. (2000). Vertebrate Paleontology (secunda ed.). London: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05614-9  (Ed. tertia, 2004, ISBN 0-632-05637-1.
• Brennessel, B. (2006). Diamonds in the Marsh: A Natural History of the Diamondback Terrapin. UPNE. ISBN 978-1584655367 
• "Turtles as Pets | CDC Healthy Pets Healthy People". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 2007 
• Marshall Cavendish (2001). Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. ISBN 978-0761471943 
• Chen, T.-H.; Chang, H.-C.; Lue, K.-Y. (2009). "Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8 (1): 11–18 
• Cheung, S.M.; Dudgeon, D. (November–December 2006). "Quantifying the Asian turtle crisis: market surveys in southern China, 2000–2003". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16 (7): 751–770 
• Chiari, Y.; Cahais, V.; Galtier, N.; Delsuc, F. (2012). "Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria)". BMC Biology 10 (65): 65 
• Connor, Michael J. (2009). "CTTC's Turtle Trivia". California Turtle & Tortoise Club 
• Crawford, Nicholas G.; Faircloth, Brant C.; McCormack, John E.; Brumfield, Robb T.; Winker, Kevin; Glen, Travis C. (2012). "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group to archosaurs". Biology Letters 8 (5): 783–6 
• Dharmananda, S. (2011). "Endangered Species Issues Affecting Turtles and Tortoises Used in Chinese Medicine: Appendix 1, 2, and 3". Institute for Traditional Medicine 
• Dubois, A.; Bour, R. (2010). "The distinction between family-series and class-series nomina in zoological nomenclature, with emphasis on the nomina created by Batsch (1788, 1789) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles". Bonn Zoological Bulletin 57 (2): 149–171 
• Ernst, C.H.; Lovich, J.E. (2009). Turtles of the United States and Canada. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801891212 
• Everhart, Mike (2012). "Marine Turtles". Oceans of Kansas Paleontology 
• "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: FDA Regulation, Sec. 1240.62, page 678 part d1". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2012 
• Fergus, Charles (2007). Turtles: Wild Guide. Wild guide. Mechanicsburgi Pennsylvaniae: Stackpole books. p. viii. ISBN 9780811734202 
• "Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say". Fish Farmer. 30 Martii 2007 
• Doctors Foster & Smith educational staff (2012). "Anatomy and Diseases of the Shells of Turtles and Tortoises". Pet Education 
• Gaffney, E. S. (1996). "The postcranial morphology of Meiolania platyceps and a review of the Meiolaniidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 229: 1–166 
• Gaffney, E. S.; Tong, H.; Meylan, P. A. (2006). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 300: 1–698 
• Gafney, E.; Hutchinson, H.; Jenkins, F.; Meeker, L. (1987). "Modern turtle origins; the oldest known cryptodire". Science 237 (4812): 289–291 
• Gannon, Megan (31 Octobris 2012). "Jurassic turtle graveyard found in China". Livescience.com 
• "Isn't it against the law to sell turtles that are smaller than 4 inches?". Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society. November 2007 
• Formula:Cite magazine Exemplar.
• Hutchinson, J. (1996). "Introduction to Testudines: The Turtles". University of California Museum of Paleontology 
• Iwabe, Naoyuki; Hara, Yuichiro; Kumazawa, Yoshinori; Shibamoto, Kaori; Saito, Yumi; Miyata, Takashi; Katoh, Kazutaka (December 2004). "Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins". Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (4): 810–813 
• Iverson, J. B.; Kimerling, A. Jon; Kiester, A. Ross (1999). "List of All Families". Terra Cognita Laboratory, Geosciences Department of Oregon State University 
• Jackson, D. C. (2002). "Hibernating without oxygen: Physiological adaptations of the painted turtle". Journal of Physiology 543 (Pt 3): 731–7 
• Joyce, Walter G. (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48 (1): 3–102 
• Katsu, Y.; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. (March 2010). "From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes". Cytogenetic and Genome Research 127 (2–4): 79–93 
• King, G. L.; Berrow, S. D. (2009). Marine turtles in Irish waters (Supplement to the Irish Naturalists Journal). ISBN 978-0956970404 
• Laurin, Michel (1996). "Introduction to Procolophonoidea". University of California Museum of Paleontology 
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• Lyson, Tyler R.; Sperling, Erik A.; Heimberg, Alysha M.; Gauthier, Jacques A.; King, Benjamin L.; Peterson, Kevin J. (2012). "MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade". Biology Letters 8 (1): 104–107 
• Lyson, Tyler R.; Bever, Gabe S.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Joyce, Walter G.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2010). "Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles". Biology Letters 6 (6): 830–33 
• Mannen, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S.-L. (October 1999). "Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13 (1): 144–148 
• Maugh II, T. H. (May 18, 2012). "Researchers find fossil of a turtle that was size of a Smart car" 
• Müller, Johannes (2004). "The relationships among diapsid reptiles and the influence of taxon selection". In Arratia, G; Wilson, M. V. H.; Cloutier, R.. Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 379–408. ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2 
• "Alligator Snapping Turtle". nationalgeographic.com. 2011 
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• Priest, Toni E.; Franklin, Craig E. (December 2002). "Effect of Water Temperature and Oxygen Levels on the Diving Behavior of Two Freshwater Turtles: Rheodytes leukops and Emydura macquarii". Journal of Herpetology 36 (4): 555–61 
• Rieppel, O.; DeBraga, M. (1996). "Turtles as diapsid reptiles". Nature 384 (6608): 453–55 
• Rhodin, A. G. J.; Walde, A. D.; Horne, B. D. et al, eds. (2011). Turtles in Trouble: The World's 25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles—2011. Lunenburg Massachusettae: Turtle Conservation Coalition 
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• Wings, Oliver; Rabi, Márton; Schneider, Jörg W.; Schwermann, Leonie; Ge Sun; Chang-Fu Zhou; Joyce, Walter G. (2012). "An enormous Jurassic turtle bone bed from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China". Naturwissenschaften 114 (11): 925–35 
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Bibliographia addita

• Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard.1979. Encyclopedia of turtles. Neptunus Novae Caesareae: T. F. H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-918-1. Editio interretialis.
• Wyneken, Jeanette, Matthew H. Godfrey, et Vincent Bels, eds. 2008. Biology of turtles. Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849333392, ISBN 0849333393.

Nexus externi

Lege de Turtle in Vicilibris.

• "Recipes from Another Time." 2001. Smithsonian Magazine.
• "Chelonian studbook."
• "Biogeography and Phylogeny of the Chelonia."
• De evolutione testae testudinis. New Scientist.