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Perikaryon (-yoi, n.) sive soma (-atis, n.) est in neuroanatomia regio circum neuroni nucleum sine nucleo ipso, sine dendritis, sine axono. Forma et magnitudo inter varios typos neuronorum variant, inter 5 - 100 µm; in invertebratis etiam magnitudines usque ad 1 mm observantur.
Perikarya sunt partes cytoplasmaticae, saepe globosa vel sphaerica vel triangularia (pyramidalia), quibus magna ex parte metabolismus neuronorum. Nimirum plurima mitochondria, reticula endoplasmatica, apparatus Golgiani, lysosomata sub microscopio inveniuntur.
Quo in cerebro vel medulla spinali perikarya aggregunt, nucleus dicitur. Tales nuclei substantiam griseam systematis nervosi centralis formant.
Verbum perikaryoni de verbis Graecis περί, iuxta/prope, atque κάρυον[1], nucleus, derivatur.
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