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Axon[1][2][3][4] (-onis, m. [5][2]; -onos, m. [1]) sive axonum[4] (n. [4]) (Graece ὁ ἄξων, áxon quod Latine axis sonat) est pars cellularum nervalium, inter perikaryon (soma) et synapses interposita. Axon est, ut dentrita, protrusio cytoplasmatis cellulae nervalis, quae signa transmittit. Longitudines eius inter cellulas corporis nervales diversi sunt: Corticis cerebralis interneuronis axona brevia sunt, ac neuronis tractus pyramidalis longissima.
Generatio axonorum momentum maximum procreatione systematis nervosi ineunte habet. Elongatio eius conu crescente, proteinis actini onerato ita microfilamenta formantibus, fit. Auxilio factoribus neurotrophicis biochemico directio crescentium axonorum, atque tempus gubernantur.
Classificatines axonum ordini motoria — sensoria — autonomica sequuntur.
Axona motoria
| Typus | Classificatio sec. Erlanger et Gasser | Diameter (µm) | Myelinum | Conductionis velocitas (m/s) | Sociatae fibrae musculares |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuron motorium alpha (α) | Aα | 13-20 | Ita | 80–120 | Fibrae musculares extrafusales |
| Neuron motorium beta (β) | Aβ | ||||
| Neuron motorium gamma (γ) | Aγ | 5-8 | Ita | 4–24[6][7] | Fibrae musculares intrafusales |
Axona sensoria
| Typus | Classificatio sec. Erlanger et Gasser | Diameter (µm) | Myelinum | Conductionis velocitas (m/s) | Sociata receptoria sensoria | Proprioceptoria | Mechanoceptoria | Nociceptoria et thermoreceptoria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ia | Aα | 13-20 | Ita | 80–120 | Receptoria primaria fusorum muscularium (terminales anulospirales) | ✔ | ||
| Ib | Aα | 13-20 | Ita | 80–120 | Organum tendinis Golgianum | |||
| II | Aβ | 6-12 | Ita | 33–75 | Receptoria secundaria fusorum muscularium (germinales florales, organum Ruffinianum), omnia mechanoreceptoria cutanea | ✔ | ||
| III | Aδ | 1-5 | Tenue | 3–30 | Terminalia nervosa libera tactionis et pressus. Nociceptoria tractus spinothalamici lateralis, receptoria frigoris | ✔ | ||
| IV | C | 0.2-1.5 | Abest | 0.5-2.0 | Nociceptoria tractus spinothalamici anterioris, receptoria teporis |
Axona autonomica
| Typus | Classificatio sec. Erlanger et Gasser | Diameter (µm) | Myelinum | Conductionis velocitas (m/s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibrae praeganglionares | B | 1–5 | Ita | 3–15 |
| Fibrae postganglionares | C | 0.2–1.5 | Abest | 0.5–2.0 |
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