고대 마케도니아인

마케도니아인(그리스어: Μακεδόνες)는 그리스 본토 북동부의 할리아크몬강과 하류 악시오스강 주변의 충적 평야에 살았던 고대 부족이었다. 본질적으로 고대 그리스인^[1]들인 그들은 그리스 세계의 북쪽 가장자리에 있는 할리아크몬 계곡을 따라 고향에서 점차 확장하여 이웃한 비 그리스 부족, 주로 트라키아인들과 일리리아인들을 흡수하거나 몰아냈다.^[2][3] 그들은 고대 그리스어의 형제 언어인 고대 마케도니아어를 사용했지만,^[7] 더 일반적으로 북서부 도리스 그리스어의 방언으로 생각된다.^[16] 그러나 일부에서는 아이올리 그리스어 분류도 제안했다.^[19] 그러나 고전 시대에 이 지역의 링구아 프랑카는 아티카 그리스어였으며 헬레니즘 시대에는 코이네 그리스어로 대체되었다.^[5] 그들의 종교적 신념은 그리스 신화의 주요 신들을 따르는 다른 그리스인들의 신념을 반영했지만, 마케도니아인들은 기원전 6세기 이후 그리스의 다른 지역에서 중단된 고대 매장 관행을 계속했다. 군주제를 제외하고 마케도니아 사회의 핵심은 귀족이었다. 이웃한 테살리아의 귀족과 마찬가지로 그들의 부는 주로 말과 소를 방목하는 데 기반을 두었다.

마케도니아인 Μακεδόνες

언어

고대 마케도니아어, 코이네 그리스어

종교

마케도니아 종교

민족계통

그리스인

BC 8세기경에 건립된 마케도니아 왕국은 다양한 씨족으로 구성되어 있지만 대부분 아르게아스 왕조와 그 이름을 딴 부족과 관련이 있다. 이 왕조는 아르고스의 전설적인 테메노스의 후손인 페르디카스 1세에 의해 건립된 것으로 알려져 있으며, 마케도니아 지역은 그리스 신화의 인물인 마케돈에서 이름을 따온 것으로 보인다. 전통적으로 독립적인 가족들에 의해 통치되던 마케도니아인들은 알렉산드로스 1세(재위 498– 기원전 454)의 시기에 아르게아스 통치를 받아들인 것으로 보인다. 필리포스 2세 (기원전 359년 – 336년) 치세에, 마케도니아인들은 그들의 영토를 확장하고 트라키아로 확장되는 다른 지역들에 대한 그들의 지배력을 증가시킨 수많은 군사적 혁신들로 인정받고 있다. 이러한 영토 통합은 알렉산드로스 대왕( r. 336 – 기원전 323년)의 공적인 아케메네스 제국 정복, 디아도코이 후계 국가의 설립, 서아시아, 그리스 및 더 넓은 지중해 세계에서 헬레니즘 시대의 시작을 허용했다. 마케도니아인들은 결국 제3차 마케도니아 전쟁 (기원전 171-168년)이 끝날 때 마케도니아 왕정을 해체하고 제4차 마케도니아 전쟁(기원전 150-148년) 후에 로마 공화국에 의해 설치된 마케도니아 속주 치하에서 로마의 지배를 받게 되었다.

고대 세계의 작가, 역사가, 정치가들은 종종 마케도니아인이 그리스인, 반그리스인 또는 심지어 야만인이라는 민족적 정체성에 대해 상충되지는 않더라도 모호한 생각을 표현했다. 이것은 마케도니아인의 정확한 민족적 정체성에 대한 현대 학자들 사이의 논쟁을 불러일으켰다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그들은 고대 올림픽 게임을 포함한 그리스 종교 및 운동 경기 참여와 같은 동시대 그리스 문화의 여러 측면을 수용했다. 펠라 저주 서판과 같은 언어학적 증거가 부족하기 때문에 대부분의 학자들은 고대 마케도니아어를 도리스 그리스어 또는 북서부 그리스어와 관련된 또 다른 그리스어 방언으로 간주한다.^{[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]}

고대 마케도니아인들은 고전 및 후기 헬레니즘 예술의 생산과 육성에 참여했다. 시각 예술 측면에서 그들은 프레스코화, 모자이크, 조각품, 장식용 금속 세공품을 제작했다. 음악과 그리스 연극의 공연 예술은 높이 평가되었으며 에우리피데스와 같은 유명한 극작가들이 마케도니아에 거주했다. 왕국은 또한 아리스토텔레스와 같은 저명한 철학자들의 존재를 끌어들였고 마케도니아 원주민들은 고대 그리스 문학, 특히 그리스 역사학 분야에 기여했다. 그들의 스포츠 및 여가 활동에는 사냥, 달리기, 전차 경주 뿐만 아니라 심포지엄으로 알려진 귀족 연회에서의 잔치와 음주가 포함되었다.

주해

각주

1. Worthington 2014a, 10쪽; Hornblower 2008, 55–58쪽; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984, 50–51쪽; Errington 1990; Fine 1983, 607–608쪽; Hall 2000, 64쪽; Hammond 2001, 11쪽; Jones 2001, 21쪽; Osborne 2004, 127쪽; Hammond 1989, 12–13쪽; Hammond 1993, 97쪽; Starr 1991, 260, 367쪽; Toynbee 1981, 67쪽; Worthington 2008, 8, 219쪽; Chamoux 2002, 8쪽; Cawkwell 1978, 22쪽; Perlman 1973, 78쪽; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, 306쪽; O'Brien 1994, 25쪽.
2. Trudgill 2002, 125쪽; Theodossiev 2000, 175–209쪽.
3. Christesen & Murray 2010, 428쪽.
4. Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
5. Joseph, Brian D. (2001). 〈Ancient Greek〉. Garry, Jane; Rubino; Bodomo; Faber; French. 《Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present》 (영어). H. W. Wilson Company. 256쪽. ISBN 9780824209704.
6. Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
7. Suggested by Georgiev (1966),^[4] Joseph (2001)^[5] and Hamp (2013).^[6]
8. Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). 〈The speech of the ancient Macedonians〉. 《Ancient Macedonia》 (영어). De Gruyter. 64, 77쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
9. Masson, Olivier (2003). 〈[Ancient] Macedonian language〉. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony. 《The Oxford Classical Dictionary》 (영어) revis 3판. Oxford University Press. 905–906쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
10. Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
11. Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
12. Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). 〈Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)〉. Giannakis, Georgios K. 《Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture》. Centre for Greek Language. 145쪽. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
13. Matzinger, Joachim (2016). 《Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen》 (PDF) (연설) (독일어). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
14. Crespo, Emilio (2017). 〈The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 329쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
15. Brixhe, Claude (2018). 〈Macedonian〉. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias. 《Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics》 (영어) 3. De Gruyter. 1862–1867쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
16. Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),^[8] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),^[9] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),^[10] Johannes Engels (2010),^[11] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),^[12] Joachim Matzinger (2016),^[13] Emilio Crespo (2017),^[14] Claude Brixhe (2018)^[15] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).^[8]
17. Hammond, N.G.L (1997). 《Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics》 (영어). A.M. Hakkert. 79쪽.
18. Worthington 2012, 71쪽.
19. Suggested by August Fick (1874),^[9] Otto Hoffmann (1906),^[9] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)^[17] and Ian Worthington (2012).^[18]
20. Hammond 1989.
21. . Oxford University Press. |제목=이(가) 없거나 비었음 (도움말)
22. Meier-Brügger, Michael; Fritz, Matthias; Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003). 《Indo-European Linguistics》. Walter de Gruyter. 28쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5.
23. Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95: "This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
24. "[W]e may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.
25. Masson & Dubois 2000, 292쪽: "..."Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906: "Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciation (like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc.)."
26. Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). 〈Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 299쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
27. Crespo, Emilio (2017). 〈The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect〉. Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis. 《Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea》. Walter de Gruyter. 329쪽. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.

서지

• Adams, Winthrop Lindsay (2010). 〈Alexander's Successors to 221 BC〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 208–224쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Aldrete, Gregory S.; Bartell, Scott; Aldrete, Alicia (2013). 《Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery》. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0819-4.
• Anson, Edward M. (2010). 〈Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 3–20쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Archibald, Zosia (2010). 〈Macedonia and Thrace〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 326–341쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Asirvatham, Sulochana R. (2010). 〈Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece, Rome, and Beyond〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 99–124쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Badian, Ernst (1982). “Greeks and Macedonians”. 《Studies in the History of Art》. SYMPOSIUM SERIES I (National Gallery of Art) 10: 33–51. JSTOR 42617918.
• Badian, Ernst; Wallace, Robert W.; Harris, Edward Monroe (1996). 《Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian》. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2863-1.
• Barr-Sharrar, Beryl; Borza, Eugene N. (1982). 《Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times》. National Gallery of Art. ISBN 0-89468-005-6.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). 《Etymological Dictionary of Greek》. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1.
• Best, Jan; de Vries, Nanny (1989). 《Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24-26 September 1984》. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-08864-4.
• Boardman, John (1982). 《The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22496-9.
• Borza, Eugene N. (1982). “Athenians, Macedonians and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House”. 《Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History and Topography》 19.
• Borza, Eugene N. (1992). 《In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon》. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00880-9.
• Borza, Eugene N. (1995). 《Makedonika》. Claremont, CA: Regina Books. ISBN 978-0-941690-64-5.
• Borza, Eugene N. (1999). 《Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia》. Claremont, CA: Regina Books. ISBN 0-941690-96-2.
• Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. 《A History of the Roman Republic》. 번역 Smyth, W. J. Cambridge & Malden: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
• Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen (2000). 《Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815220-5.
• Bryant, Joseph M. (1996). 《Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics》. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3042-1.
• Butler, Margaret Erwin (2008). 《Of Swords and Strigils: Social Change in Ancient Macedon》. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
• Cartledge, Paul (2011). 《Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction》. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960134-9.
• Cawkwell, George (1978). 《Philip of Macedon》. London, UK: Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-10958-6.
• Chamoux, François (2002). 《Hellenistic Civilization》. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22241-3.
• Champion, Craige B. (2004). 《Cultural Politics in Polybius's Histories》. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23764-1.
• Christesen, Paul; Murray, Sarah C. (2010). 〈Macedonian Religion〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 428–445쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Christidēs, Anastasios-Phoivos; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (2007). 《A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3.
• Chroust, Anton-Hermann (2016) [1977]. 《Aristotle: New Light on His Life and on Some of His Lost Works, Volume 1: Some Novel Interpretations of the Man and His Life》. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-93706-2.
• Cohen, Ada (2010). 《Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditions》. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76904-4.
• Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank E.; Charlesworth, Martin Percival, 편집. (1928). 《The Cambridge Ancient History: The Hellenistic Monarchies and the Rise of Rome》 VII. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521233477.
• Dalby, Andrew (1997) [1996]. 《Siren Feasts: a History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece》. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15657-2.
• Danforth, Loring M. (1997). 《The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World》. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04356-6.
• Daskalakis, A. (1965). “The Hellenism of Ancient Macedonia”. 《Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou Tou Haimou》 (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies) 74.
• Eckstein, Arthur M. (2010). 〈Macedonia and Rome, 221–146 BC〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 225–250쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Engels, Johannes (2010). 〈Macedonians and Greeks〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 81–98쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990). 《A History of Macedonia》. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06319-8.
• Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983). 《The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History》. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-03314-0.
• Finkelberg, Margalit (2005). 《Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85216-1.
• Fisher, Nicholas Ralph Edmund; Wees, Hans van, 편집. (1998). 《Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence》. London, UK: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2809-7.
• Gagarin, Michael, 편집. (2010). 《The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome》 1. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6.
• Garrett, Andrew (1999). “A New Model of Indo-European Subgrouping and Dispersal” (PDF). 《Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society》 25: 146–156. doi:10.3765/bls.v25i1.1180.
• Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). 《Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages》. Sofia, Bulgaria: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9789535172611.
• Graninger, Denver (2010). 〈Macedonia and Thessaly〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 306–325쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Greenwalt, William S. (2010). 〈Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 279–305쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). 《Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture》. Chicago, Illinois and London, UK: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31329-8.
• Hall, Jonathan M. (2000). 《Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78999-0.
• Hamilton, J. R. (1974) [1973]. 《Alexander the Great》. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-6084-2.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (2001). 《Collected Studies: Further Studies on Various Topics》. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Hakkert.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1993). 《Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander》. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Hakkert. ISBN 9789025610500.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1991). 《The Miracle that was Macedonia》. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-283-99910-1.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1989). 《The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History》. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814883-6.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson (1979). 《A History of Macedonia: 550-336 B.C.》 II. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814814-3.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson (1972). 《A History of Macedonia: Historical Geography and Prehistory》 I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198142942.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William (1988). 《A History of Macedonia: Volume III, 336-167 B.C.》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814815-1.
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William (2001). 《A History of Macedonia: Volume III, 336–167 B.C.》 reprint판. Oxford & New York: Clarendon Press of the Oxford University Press.
• Hanson, Victor Davis, 편집. (2012). 《Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome》. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15636-1.
• Hardiman, Craig I. (2010). 〈Classical Art to 221 BC〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 505–521쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Harle, Vilho (1998). 《Ideas of Social Order in the Ancient World》. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30582-5.
• Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2011a). 〈Macedonia and Macedonians〉. Lane Fox, Robin J. 《Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD》. Leiden: Brill. 43–50쪽. ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2.
• Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2011b). 〈Macedonians and Other Greeks〉. Lane Fox, Robin J. 《Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD》. Leiden: Brill. 51–78쪽. ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2.
• Hatzopoulos, Miltiades (1999). “The Speech of the Ancient Macedonians, in the Light of Recent Epigraphic Discoveries”. 《Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia》.
• Head, Duncan (2016) [1982]. 《Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars: 359 BC to 146 BC》 reprint판. Wargames Research Group Ltd. ISBN 978-1-326-25656-2.
• Horejs, Barbara (2007년 10월 3일). “The Phenomenon of Mattpainted Pottery in the Northern Aegean: Introduction, Overview and Theories”. Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory. 2011년 9월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
• Hornblower, Simon; Matthews, Elaine; Fraser, Peter Marshall (2000). 《Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence》. Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-726216-3.
• Hornblower, Simon. "2: Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods". In Zacharia (2008)..
• Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). 《The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity》. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12598-8.
• Joint Association of Classical Teachers (1984). 《The World of Athens: An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27389-7.
• Jones, Archer (2001). 《The Art of War in the Western World》. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06966-8.
• Jones, Prudence J. (2006). 《Cleopatra: a sourcebook》. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806137414.
• Iordanidis, A.; Garcia-Guinea, J.; Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia (May 2007). “Characterisation of Mycenaean and Matt-Painted Pottery from Aiani, Ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece”. 《Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece》 (Athens, Greece: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress) 40 (4): 1796–1807. doi:10.12681/bgsg.17141.
• Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia (2007년 3월 16일). “The Late Bronze Age in Aiani”. Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory. 2007년 10월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
• King, Carol J. (2010). 〈Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 373–391쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Kinzl, Konrad H. (2010). 《A Companion to the Classical Greek World》. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons Limited. ISBN 978-1-4443-3412-8.
• Cosmopoulos, Michael B. (1992). 《Macedonia: An Introduction to Its Political History》. Manitoba Studies in Classical Civilization. ISBN 978-0-9696691-0-4.
• Kristinsson, Axel (2010). 《Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe since the Bronze Age》. Reykjavík, Iceland: ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979-9922-1-9.
• Lemos, Irene S. (2002). 《The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925344-7.
• MacDowell, Douglas M. (2009). 《Demosthenes the Orator》. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160873-5.
• Malkin, Irad (1998). 《The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity》. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21185-8.
• Malkin, Irad (2001). 《Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity》. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. ISBN 0-674-00662-3.
• Masson, Olivier; Dubois, Laurent (2000). 《Onomastica Graeca Selecta》. Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. ISBN 2-600-00435-1.
• Masson, Olivier (1996). 《Oxford Classical Dictionary》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Müller, Sabine (2010). 〈Philip II〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 166–185쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Nawotka, Krzysztof (2010). 《Alexander the Great》. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-1743-1.
• O'Brien, John Maxwell (1994) [1992]. 《Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy - A Biography》. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-10617-6.
• O'Neil, James L. (2003). “The Ethnic Origins of the Friends of the Antigonid Kings of Macedon”. 《The Classical Quarterly》 10 (2): 510–522. doi:10.1093/cq/53.2.510. JSTOR 3556219.
• Olbrycht, Marck Jan (2010). 〈Macedonia and Persia〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 342–370쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Osborne, Robin (2004). 《Greek History》. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31717-7.
• Papazoglou, Fanoula (2000). “Le Language Macėdoniene Antique”. 《Južnoslovenski Filolog》 56 (3–4): 771–777.
• Papazoglou, Fanoula (1977). “Sur le Structure Ethnique de l'Ancienne Macedonie”. 《Balcanica》 (8): 65–82.
• Perlman, Samuel (1973). 《Philip and Athens》. Cambridge, UK: Heffer. ISBN 0-85270-076-8.
• Piening, H. (2013). 〈Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the "Alexander-Sarcophagus" in Istanbul〉. Büyüköztürk, Oral; Ali Taşdemir, Mehmet. 《Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures: Proceedings of NDTMS-2011, Istanbul Turkey, May 15–18 2011, Part 1》. Heidelberg, New York, & London: RILEM & Springer. 1179–1186쪽. ISBN 978-94-007-0722-1.
• Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley (2013). 〈Introduction〉. Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley. 《The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean》. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. 1–13쪽. ISBN 978-1-107-03242-2.
• Rhodes, P. J. (2010). 〈The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 23–40쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Roisman, Joseph (2010). 〈Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 145–165쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Sakellariou, Michael B. (1983). 〈Inhabitants〉. Michael B. Sakellariou. 《Macedonia: 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization》. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S.A. 44–63쪽. 지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |chapter-url-access= (도움말)
• Sakellariou, M. V. (1992). 《Macedonia, 4000 years of Greek History and Civilization》. Athens, Greece: Ekdotikè Athenon.
• Sansone, David (2017). 《Ancient Greek Civilization》 3판. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-119-09815-7.
• Sawada, Noriko (2010). 〈Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 392–408쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Snodgrass, Anthony M. (2000). 《The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries BC》. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93635-7.
• Sprawski, Slawomir (2010). 〈The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 127–144쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Starr, Chester G. (1991). 《A History of the Ancient World》. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506628-6.
• Theodossiev, Nikola (May 2000). “The Dead with Golden Faces. II Other Evidence and Connections”. 《Oxford Journal of Archaeology》 19 (2): 175–209. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00106.
• Thomas, Carol G. (2010). 〈The Physical Kingdom〉. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. 《A Companion to Ancient Macedonia》. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 65–80쪽. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
• Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1969). 《Some Problems of Greek History》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215249-7.
• Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1981). 《The Greeks and Their Heritages》. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192152565.
• Trudgill, Peter (2002). 《Sociolinguistic Variation and Change》. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1515-6.
• Vanderpool, Eugene (1982). 《Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography》. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. ISBN 0-87661-519-1.
• Voutiras, Emmanuel (1998). 《ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΦΩΝΤΟΣ ΓΑΜΟΙ: Marital Life and Magic in Fourth Century Pella》. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: J. C. Gieben. ISBN 90-5063-407-9.
• Whitley, James (2007). 《The Archaeology of Ancient Greece》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62733-7.
• Wilkes, John J. (1995). 《The Illyrians》. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
• Woodard, Roger D. (2008a). 《The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5.
• Woodard, Roger D. (2010) [2008]. 〈Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction〉. Woodard, Roger D. 《The Ancient Languages of Europe》. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–13쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8.
• Woodard, Roger D. (2008b). 《The Ancient Languages of Europe》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8.
• Worthington, Ian (2014a) [2004]. 《Alexander the Great: Man and God》. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86644-2.
• Worthington, Ian (2003). 《Alexander the Great: A Reader》. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29187-3.
• Worthington, Ian (2008). 《Philip II of Macedonia》. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12079-0.
• Worthington, Ian (2012). 《Alexander the Great: a Reader》 2판. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66742-5.
• Worthington, Ian (2014b). 《By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire》. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992986-3.
• Zacharia, Katerina (2008). 《Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity》. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0.

추가 자료

 

• Anson, Edward M. (1984). “The Meaning of the Term Macedones”. 《Ancient World》 10: 67–68.
• Baldry, H. C. (1959). 《Greek Literature for the Modern Reader》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Baracchi, Claudia, 편집. (2014). 《The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle》. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-4854-4.
• Buckley, Terry (2010). 《Aspects of Greek History: A Source-Based Approach》. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-28184-7.
• Castelnuovo, Luisa Moscati (2002). 《Identità e Prassi Storica nel Mediterraneo Greco》. Milan, Italy: Et. ISBN 88-86752-20-2.
• Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (1974). 《Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean: Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory》. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. ISBN 0-8155-5022-7.
• Dunstan, William E. (2000). 《Ancient Greece》. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 0-15-507383-4.
• Green, Peter (1992). 《Alexander of Macedon 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography》. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07166-2.
• Hatzopoulos, Miltiades (2002). “Perception of the Self and the Other: The Case of Macedon”. 《Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia》.
• Pan-Montojo, Juan; Pedersen, Frederik, 편집. (2007). 《Communities in European History: Representations, Jurisdictions, Conflicts》. Pisa, Italy: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. ISBN 978-88-8492-462-9.

외부 링크

• Ancient Macedonia at Livius Ancient History' Archived 2016년 3월 3일 - 웨이백 머신
• Demetrius C. Evangelides – "The Yaunã Takabara and the Ancient Macedonians"
• Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy (Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford)