Perang

Perang punika satunggiling kawontenan kakerasan ingkang ngombro ombro, konflik skala wiyar antawis kalih kelompok utawi langkung. Perang saged dipunwontenaken kanthi simultan ing satunggal utawi langkung médan laga utawi theaters. Ing satunggiling médan laga, saged kémawon wonten satunggal utawi langkung kampanye militèr. Sawenèh aksi militèr wonten ing salebetipun kampanye militèr limrahipun kasebat pertempuran, sanajan terminologi punika kadhangkawis boten saged dipunterapaken wonten ing pertempuran ingkang migunaaken montor mabur, peluru kendhali utawi bom lan boten migunaaken wadyabala darat utawi seganten.

Aksara Latin

ꦗꦮ

Perkawis ingkang saged ndadosaken perang limrahipun rumit lan wujud warni-warni masalah. Upami cecongkrahan tuwuh bab wigati, kados ta: tlatah, kadhaulatan, sumber daya utawi ideologi kamangka perundhinganipun gagal, saged nuwuhaken perang. Wonten ing bukunipun ingkang asesirah War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, satunggiling profesor saking University of Illinois, ngétang yèn kinten-kinten 90-95% saking komunitas tartamtu naté, utawi sakedhikipun kala-kala magepokan kaliyan perang, lan kathah ingkang terus menerus.^[1][2][3][4] Satunggiling perang saged dipunwiwiti kanthi dheklarasi resmi mliginipun wonten ing perang internasional. Ewosemanten miturut sajarah lan kadadosan nyata, boten saben perang tansah dipunwiwiti déning dheklarasi makaten, kalebet wonten ing perang sadhèrèk.

Caranipun Perang

Cara ingkang baku kanggé ngayahi perang sanget gumantung dhumateng wiyaripun sasaran, kalebet bab-bab kados déné ngrebat tlatah, nglumpuhaken nagari saingan, ngrisakaken kamampuan mengsah supados boten saged ngawontenanken aksi militèr, nguwaosi jalmi sanès utawi ngakeni kang ndunungi pribumi dados nagari ingkang misah, ngantos dumugi pembantaian ètnis (genocide). Limrahipun saben aksi militèr déning satunggiling nagari lajeng dipunlawan déning satunggal utawi langkung nagari sanèsipun. Pramila, sasaran ingkang pokok saking sawenèh nagari dados nomer kalih tinimbang sasaran ingkang langkung nyereg inggih punika ngicalaken kakuwatan mengsah. Bab punika saged dipunayahi kanthi cara ngepung, ngancuraken wonten ing palagan, ndamel mengsah supados mlajeng utawi takluk, utawi ngancuraken mengsah kanthi cara ingkang boten langsung sepertos nyebaraken lelara utawi keluwèn.

Panyebab Perang

"Penyebab utawi sumber perang ingkang paling kondhang inggih punika pulitik... perang punika namung kalajengan saking pulitik, namung katambah déning cara-cara sanèsipun."-Carl von Clausewitz, Vom Kriege (On War)

Motivasi dhasar, tangtos, inggih kasadyan ngayahi perang, nanging motivasi saged dipunpérang kanthi spesifik. Motivasi kanggé perang mbok manawi bènten kanggé pihak ingkang mréntahaken perang kaliyan ingkang ngayahi perang. Satunggiling nagari ingkang badhé ngayahi perang kedah gadhah panjurung kapemimpinan, panjurung militèr, sarta panjurung rakyat. Satunggiling conto, wonten ing Perang Punic ingkang kaping tiga,^[5] Para pemimpin Romawi ngersaaken perang dhumateng Carthago kanggé nglumpuhaken kakiatan nagari saingan punika wau; déné militèr mbokmanawi ngersaaken badhé ngginakaken kasempatan kanggé nguwaosi lan ngancuraken kitha Carthago, nanging rakyat Romawi saged mangertos lan ngidinaken perang kanthi angkah ingkang bènten inggih punika kanggé ngicalaken budaya populèr tiyang Carthago, ingkang kabaripun remen ngurbanaken laré alit. Amargi kathah tiyang ingkang ndhèrèk sarujuk, perang saged njalari pangurbanan jiwa raga, sanajan saking motivasi ingkang bènten-bènten. Rupi-rupi téyori bab jalaran perang, antawisipun:

Téyori Sajarah

Para ahli sajarah radi kirang remen dhateng alasan ingkang rèmèh tumraping perang. A.J.P. Taylor njelasaken yèn perang punika kados déné kacilakan lalu lintas. Ing ngriku tansah wonten kondhisi lan situasi ingkang njalari, nanging boten wonten cara kanggé mgramalaken wonten pundi lan mbénjang menapa badhé kadadosan. Para ahli ngèlmu Sosial ngritik andharan punika, kanthi alasan yèn sadèrèngipun perang para pemimpin kanthi sadhar sampun ndamel kaputusan, pramila boten saged dipunwastani murni kacilakan. Sawenèh tiyang mbokmanawi saged mikantukaken pola ingkang sakedhikipun gadhah kahandhalan utawi reliabilitas, nanging amargi perang punika wujud maksad kolèktif saking jalmi kathah, tangtos angèl sanget kanggé ndamel sistem ramalan ingkang komplit lan murakabi.

Téyori Psikologi

Ahli Psikologi kados E.F.M. Durban lan John Bowlby mbantah yèn manungsa punika marisi dhasar kejem. Sementawis kekejeman punika dipunpendhem ing salebetipun masarakat normal, kadhangkawis kedah muncul inggih punika nalika perang. Kanyatan punika sinarengan kaliyan tandha-tandha sanèsipun kados ta displacement, inggih punika nalika tiyang nyaluraken keluhanipun awujud bias lan kabencèn utawi (hatred) dhumateng sukubangsa, nagari utawi ideologi sanès. Sementawis téyori punika gadhah andharan tumrap panyebabing perang, nanging boten saged nerangaken wonten pundi lan mbénjang manawa perang badhé kadadosan. Minangka tambahan, téyori punika nimbulaken pitakèn kéngin menapa kala-kala mangsa damé ingkang lami lan kala sanèsipun mangsa perang ingkang boten rampung-rampung. Ugi téyori punika boten saged nerangaken kadospundi satunggiling budaya manungsa saged ical ing salebeting perang.^[6]

Toeri Antropologi

Sawetawis Ahli Antropologi gadhah pandhangan ingkang bènten sanget bab perang. Para ahli punika nyimpulaken manawi perang punika dhasaripun saking budaya, ingkang dipunsinaoni kanthi prabawa nurture tinimbang alami (nature). Pramila punika bilih masarakat saged dipunreformasi, perang saged ical. Miturut aliran punika katampinipun perang kanthi alasan agami, ideologi lan Nasionalisme.

Téyori Sosiologi

Ngèlmu Sosiologi sampun dangu migatèkaken bab asal-usulipun perang, lan pinten-pinten èwu téyori sampun tuwuh, lan kathah ugi ingkang boten sarujuk satunggal téyori lan téyori sanèsipun.Ngèlmu Sosiologi mérang bab perang dados sawatawis téyori. Sepindhah, téyori Primat der Innenpulitik (Primacy of Domestic Politics) ingkang dhedhasar karya Eckart Kehr lan Hans-Ulrich Wehler, mratélaaken yèn perang punika kasil saking kondhisi domestik, kanthi sasaran agrèsi ingkang dipuntamtoaken déning kanyatan internasional. Pramila, Perang Donya I punika boten produk cecongkrahan internasional, prajanjèn rahasia, utawi kasaimbangan kekiatan nanging produk saking situasi ékonomi, situasi sosial, lan situasi pulitik salebeting saben nagari ingkang tumut perang. Andharan punika bènten kaliyan andharan tradhisional Primat der Außenpulitik (Primacy of Foreign Politics) saking Carl von Clausewitz lan Leopold von Ranke ingkang mbantah yèn punika kaputusan saking para kepala nagari lan situasi geopulitik ingkang nuwuhaken perang.

Téyori Dhémografi

Téyori Dhémografi saged dipunkempalaken dhumateng kalih kelas, inggih punika téyori Malthusian lan téyori ''youth bulge''.

Téyori Malthusian ningal satunggiling proporsi ingkang lepat tumrap tuwuhing kang ndunungi lan kirangipun dhaharan minangka jalaran konflik ingkang kejem. Déné téyori Youth Bulge radi bènten, inggih punika bab proporsi ingkang lepat antawis cacahing pemudha ingkang gadhah pendhidhikan inggil, lan cacahing kalenggahan wonten ing masarakat minangka sumber utami rupi-rupi kakerasan sosial kalebet ugi perang. Miturut téyori punika: "tiyang badhé ngemis kanggé dhaharan, naging manawi kanggé posisi utawi kalenggahan badhé némbak."

Téyori Ilmu Pulitik

Analisis statistik perang dipunwiwiti déning Lewis Fry Richardson nalka Perang Donya I. Database ingkang langkun anyar sanèsipun bab perang lan konflik senjata sampun dipunsusun déning Proyek Correlates of War, Peter Brecke lan Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research.

Wonten rupi-rupi andharan miturut.téyori gayutan internasional. Pedhukung téyori realisme boten sarujuk yèn motivasi nagari inggih punika madosi kaamanan kanggé survival utawi supados tetep èksis. Satunggilin andharan, kadangkawis boten sarujuk dhateng pandhangan kaum realis, bab kathahing bukyos empiris kanggé njurung klaim yèn nagari ingkang dhémokratis boten badhé perang kaliyan sesaminipun, punika satunggiling andharan ingkang katelah democratic peace theory. Faktor sanèsipun ingkang kalebet inggih punika kawontenan bènten tumrap moral lan kapercayan agami, boten sarujuk ing babagan ékonomi lan dagang, mroklamasèkaken kamardhikan lan sanès sanèsipun. Téyori utami sanèsipun ingkang megepokan kaliyan Kakuasaan ing Hubungan Internasional lan machtpulitik inggih punika Téyori Transisi Kakuasaan, ingkang mérang donya dados sawatawis hirarki lan nerangaken yèn perang punika minangka siklus destabilisasi saking hegemoni kakuatan ageng.

Jinis Perang lan Paperangan

Déning Panyebab

Jinis	Conto
Ngrebut	Pecheneg lan Cuman raid ka Rus ing abad ka 9–abad ka13
Agresif	Perang Alexander Agung ing 323–323 BC
Kolonial	Perang Cina-Perancis
Pambebasan	Perang Algeria
Religius	Crusades
Dinastik	Perang Suksesi ing Spanyol
Dhagang	Perang Candhu
Revolusionèr	Perang Revolusi Perancis
Gerilya	Perang Ujung
Perang Sedhèrèk	Perang sedhèrèk ing Spanyol
Pamisahan Dhiri	Perang sedhèrèk ing Amérika

Perang Lingkungan

Lingkungan ing satunggiling perang gadhah prabawa ingkang ageng tumrap jinins perang, kalebet jinis médhan perang. Prmila prajurit kedah dipunlatih wonten ing rupi-rupi medhan perang, ing antawisipun:

• en:Arctic warfare, perang kutub utawi perang ing mangsa asrep.
• en:Desert warfare, perang ing ara-ara wedhi
• en:Jungle warfare, perang wonten ing wana
• en:Mobile warfare, perang ingkang mrayogèkaken kemampuan pindhah panggénan
• en:Naval warfare, perang ing seganten
• en:Sub-aquatic warfare, perang ngandhap samodra
• en:Mountain warfare, perang gunung
• en:Urban warfare, perang kitha
• en:Air warfare, perang udara lan terjun payung
• en:Space warfare, perang akasa
• en:Electronic warfare, perang elèktronika
• en:Border warfare, perang tapel wates
• en:Mine warfare, perang ranjau
• en:Psychological warfare, perang urat syaraf
• en:Guerilla warfare, perang gerilya
• en:Cyber warfare, perang donya maya
• en:Energy warfare, perang enerji
• en:Intellectual warfare, perang intelèktual kalebet ugi propaganda
• en:Biological warfare, perang biologi
• en:Nuclear Warfare, perang nuklir

Pratélan Perang miturut kurban

Angangka angka kalebet kurban sipil saking lelara, kelaparan, lan sanèsipun ugi bala ingkang ggugur wonten palagan.

• 60,000,000–72,000,000-Perang Donya II (1939–1945), (see World War II casualties)^[7][8]
• 30,000,000–60,000,000-Mongol Conquests (13th century) (see Invasi Mongol lan Invasi Tatar)^{[9][10][11][12]}
• 25,000,000-Manchu conquest of Ming Cina (1616–1662)^[13]
• 20,000,000-Pambrontakan Taiping (Cina, 1851–1864) (see Dungan revolt)^[14]
• 20,000,000-Perang Sino-Jepang II (1931–1945)^[15]
• 15,000,000–66,000,000-Perang Donya I (1914–1918) (see Kurban Perang Donya I) note that the larger number includes Spanish flu deaths
• 10,000,000-Warring States Era (Cina, 475 BC–221 BC)
• 7,000,000-20,000,000 Conquests of Timur the Lame (1360-1405) (see List of wars in the Muslim world)^[16][17]
• 5,000,000–9,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Ruslan (1917–1921)^[18]
• 5,000,000-Penaklukan Menelik II ka Ethiopia (1882-1898)^[19][20]
• 3,800,000-Perang Kongo II (1998–2004)^[21]
• 3,500,000–6,000,000-Perang Napoleon (1804–1815) (see Napoleonic Wars casualties)
• 3,000,000–11,500,000-Perang Telung puluh taun (1618–1648)^[22]
• 3,000,000–7,000,000-Pambrontakan Turban Kuning (Cina, 184–205)
• 2,500,000–3,500,000-Perang Koréa (1950–1953) (see Cold War)^[23]
• 2,300,000–3,800,000-Perang Vietnam (entire war 1945–1975)
  • 300,000–1,300,000-Perang Indochina I (1945–1954)
  • 100,000–300,000-Vietnamese Civil War (1954–1960)
  • 1,750,000–2,100,000-American phase (1960–1973)
  • 170,000-Final phase (1973–1975)
  • 175,000–1,150,000-Secret War (1962–1975)
• 2,000,000–4,000,000^[24]-French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) (see Religious war)
• 2,000,000-Shaka's conquests (1816-1828)^[25]
• 300,000–3,000,000^[26]-Bangladesh Liberation War
• 1,500,000–2,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Afghanistan (1979-)
  • 1,000,000–1,500,000 Soviet intervention (1979–1989)
• 1,300,000–6,100,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Cina (1928–1949) note that this figure excludes World War II casualties
  • 300,000–3,100,000 before 1937
  • 1,000,000–3,000,000 after World War II
• 1,000,000–1,200,000-Perang Pitung Taun (1756–1763)
• 1,000,000-Perang Iran-Iraq (1980–1988)
• 1,000,000-Japanese invasions of Koréa (1592-1598)^[27]
• 1,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk II Sudan (1983–2002)
• 1,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Nigeria (1967–1970)
• 618,000^[28]-970,000-American Civil War (including 350,000 from disease) (1861–1865)
• 900,000–1,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Mozambique(1976–1993)
• 868,000^[29]-1,400,000^[30]-Perag Pitung Taun (1756-1763)
• 800,000-1,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Rwanda (1990-1994)
• 800,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Kongo (1991–1997)
• 600,000 to 1,300,000-Perang Yhudi-Romawi I (see List of Roman wars)
• 580,000-Bar Kokhba’s revolt (132–135CE)
• 570,000-Perang Kamardhikan Eritrean (1961-1991)
• 550,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Somali (1988-)
• 500,000-1,000,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Spanyol (1936–1939)
• 500,000-Perang sadhèrèk ing Angola (1975–2002)
• 500,000-Perang sadhèrèk ing Uganda (1979–1986)
• 400,000–1,000,000-War of the Triple Alliance ing Paraguay (1864–1870)
• 400,000-Konflik Darfur (2003-)
• 400,000-Perang Pamisahan dhiri ing Spanyol (1701-1714)
• 371,000-Continuation War (1941-1944)
• 350,000-Great Northern War (1700-1721)^[31]
• 315,000-735,000-Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) English campaign ~40,000, Scottish 73,000, Irish 200,000-620,000
• 300,000–2,000,000-Revolusi Mexico (1910–1920)
• 300,000-Perang Russia-Circassian (1763-1864) (see Caucasian War)
• 300,000-First Perang Sadhèrèk Burundi (1972)
• 270,000–300,000-Crimean War (1854–1856)
• 255,000-1,120,000-Perang Philippine-America (1898-1913)
• 230,000–1,400,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Ethiopian (1974–1991)
• 220,000-Perang sadhèrèk Liberia (1989-)
• 214,000-655,000+-Perang Irak (2003-Present) (see 2003 invasion of Iraq)
• 200,000-1,000,000^[32]-Albigensian Crusade (1208-1259)
• 200,000–800,000-Warlord era in Cina (1917–1928)
• 200,000-Perang Punic II (BC218-BC204) (see List of Roman battles)
• 200,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Sierra Leone (1991–2000)
• 200,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Guatemala (1960–1996)
• 190,000-Perang Perancis-Prussia (1870–1871)
• 180,000-300,000-La Violencia (1948-1958)
• 170,000-Perang Kamardhikan Yunani (1821-1829)
• 150,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Libanon (1975–1990)
• 150,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Yemen Lèr (1962–1970)
• 150,000-Perang Ruslan-Jepang (1904–1905)
• 148,000-1,000,000-Perang Mangsa Asrep (1939)
• 125,000-Perang Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998–2000)
• 120,000-384,000 Perang Turki (1683-1699) (see Ottoman-Habsburg wars)
• 120,000-Perang Bosnia (1992–1995)
• 120,000-Perang sadhèrèk Algeria (1991-)
• 120,000-Perang Servile III (BC73-BC71)
• 117,000-500,000-Revolt in the Vendée (1793-1796)
• 101,000-115,000-Arab-Israèli conflict (1929-)
• 100,500-Perang Chaco (1932–1935)
• 100,000-1,000,000-War of the two brothers (1531–1532)
• 100,000-400,000-Irian Barat (1984-) (see Genocide in West Papua)
• 100,000-200,000-Timor Timur (1975-1978)
• 100,000-Perang Lempongan (1991)
• 100,000–1,000,000-Perang kamardhikan Algeria (1954–1962)
• 100,000-Perang Sèwu Dinten (1899–1901)
• 100,000-Peasants' War (1524-1525)^[33]
• 80,000-Perang Punic III (BC149-BC146)
• 75,000-200,000?-Conquests of Alexander the Great (BC336-BC323)
• 75,000-Perang sadhèrèk El Salvador (1980–1992)
• 75,000-Perang Boer II (1898–1902)
• 70,000-Boudica's uprising (AD60-AD61)
• 69,000-Konflik Internal ing Peru (1980-)
• 60,000-Konflik Sri Lanka/Tamil (1983-)
• 60,000-Pambrontakan Nicaragua (1972-91)
• 50,000-200,000-Perang Chechen I (1994–1996)
• 50,000-100,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Tajikistan (1992–1997)
• 50,000-Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) (see Wars involving England)
• 45,000-Perang Sadhèrèk Yunani (1945-1949)
• 41,00–100,000-Kashmir (1989-)
• 36,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Finlan (1918)
• 35,000-40,000-War of the Pacific (1879–1884)
• 35,000-45,000-Siege of Malta (1565) (see Ottoman wars in Europe)
• 31,000–100,000-Perang Chechen II (1999-)
• 30,000-Turkey/PKK (1984-)
• 30,000-Perang Cina-Vietnam (1979)
• 23,384-Perang India-Pakistani 1971 (December 1971)
• 23,000-Perang Nagorno-Karabakh (1988-1994)
• 20,000-49,600 U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001 – 2002)
• 15,000–20,000-Perang Kamardhikan Kroasia (1991–1995)
• 11,053-Malayan Emergency (1948-1960)
• 10,000-Amadu's Jihad (1810-1818)
• 7,264–10,000-Perang India-Pakistan 1965 (August-September 1965)
• 7,000–24,000-American War of 1812 (1812-1815)
• 7,000-Perang Kosovo (1996–1999) (disputed)
• 5,000-Invasi Turki ka Cyprus (1974)
• 4,588-Perang Cina-India (1962)
• 4,000-Perang Waziristan (2004-2006)
• 4,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Irlandia (1922-23)
• 3,700-Northern Ireland conflict (1969-1998)
• 3,000-Perang Sadhèrèk ing Pasisir Gadhing (2002-)
• 2,899-Perang New Zealand (1845-1872)
• 2,604–7,000-Perang India-Pakistan 1947 (October 1947-December 1948)
• 2,000-Perang Sepak Bola (1969)
• 2,000-Perang kamardhikan Irlandia (1919-21)
• 1,975–4,500+-Konflik Israèl-Palestina (2000-)
• 1,547–2,173+-2006 Konflik Israèl-Lebanon
• 1,724-Perang Lapland (1945)
• 1,500-Revolusi Rumania (December 1989)
• 1,000-Zapatista uprising ing Chiapas (1994)
• 907-Perang Malvinas (1982)

Réferènsi

1. "War Before Civilization - Lawrence H. Keeley". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2008-05-14. Dibukak ing 2007-10-16.
2. "Review: War Before Civilization". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2010-11-21. Dibukak ing 2007-10-16.
3. War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
4. "Gene Expression: Primitive Warfare". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2007-10-11. Dibukak ing 2007-10-16.
5. Punic Wars
6. Turnbull, Colin (1987), "The Forest People" (Touchstonbe Books)
7. Wallinsky, David: David Wallechinsky's Twentieth Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out, Little Brown & Co., 1996, ISBN 0-316-92056-8, ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8-cited by White
8. Brzezinski, Zbigniew: Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century, Prentice Hall & IBD, 1994, ASIN B000O8PVJI-cited by White
9. Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin Cina", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33-53.
10. Mongol Conquests
11. The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review
12. Battuta's Travels: Part Three - Pèrsi and Iraq
13. McFarlane, Alan: The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, Blackwell 2003, ISBN 0-631-18117-2, ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0-cited by White
14. Taiping Rebellion - Britannica Concise
15. Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan
16. Timur Lenk (1369-1405)
17. Matthew's White's website (a compilation of scholarly estimates)-Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities
18. Russian Civil War
19. Oromo Identity
20. "Glories and Agonies of the Ethiopian past". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-01-14. Dibukak ing 2007-10-16.
21. "Inside Congo, An Unspeakable Toll". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2008-12-20. Dibukak ing 2007-10-16.
22. The Thirty Years War (1618-48)
23. Cease-fire agreement marks the end of the Korean War on July 27, 1953.
24. Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562-1598)
25. Shaka: Zulu Chieftain
26. Matthew White's Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
27. Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 254
28. The Deadliest War
29. Clodfelter, cited by White
30. Urlanis, cited by White
31. Northern War (1700-21)
32. Albigensian Crusade (1208-49)
33. Peasants' War, Germany (1524-25)

Bibliografi

Wikicuplik duwé cuplikan ngenani: Perang

• Angelo Codevilla and Paul Seabury, War: Ends and Means (Potomac Books, Revised second edition by Angelo Codevilla, 2006) ISBN X
• Angelo M. Codevilla, No Victory, No Peace (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) ISBN
• Fry, Douglas P., 2005, The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence, Oxford University Press.
• Gat, Azar 2006 War in Human Civilization, Oxford University Press.
• Gunnar Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen ("Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations"), Orell Füssli (September 2003), ISBN, available online as free download (in German)
• Fabio Maniscalco, (2007). World Heritage and War-monographic series "Mediterraneum", vol. VI. Massa, Naples. ISBN.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Kelly, Raymond C., 2000, Warless Societies and the Origin of War, University of Michigan Press.
• Small, Melvin & Singer, David J. (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars,. Sage Publications. ISBN.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Otterbein, Keith, 2004, How War Began. Texas A&M University Press.
• Turchin, P. 2005. War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. New York, NY: Pi Press. ISBN
• Van Creveld, Martin The Art of War: War and Military Thought London: Cassell, Wellington House
• Fornari, Franco (1974). The Psychoanalysis of War. Tr. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Press. ISBN: . Reprinted (1975) Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN
• Keeley, Lawrence. War Before Civilization, Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Zimmerman, L. The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report, US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1981.
• Chagnon, N. The Yanomamo, Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1983.
• Pauketat, Timothy. North American Archaeology 2005. Blackwell Publishing.
• Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn, Penguin: New York 2006.
• Rafael Karsten, Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador (1923).
• S. A. LeBlanc, Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest, University of Utah Press (1999).

Ugi pirsani

• Wiki En: War
• Wiki Id: Perang

Wikimedia Commons duwé médhia ngenani War.

Umum

• Seni Perang
• Sun Tzu
• en:Sun Tzu
• en:Casus Belli
• en:Just War theory
• en:Undeclared war
• en:War cycles
• en:Feud

Pratélan

• en:Ongoing wars
• en:Most lethal wars in world history
• en:List of wars
• en:List of battles
• en:List of orders of battle
• en:List of invasions
• en:List of military commanders
• en:List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• en:List of revolutions and rebellions
• en:List of riots

Dhasar Pangetahuan Militer

• en:Military science
• en:Military technology and equipment
• en:Military strategy
• en:Operational art
• en:Military tactics
• en:Military logistics
• en:Philosophy of war
• en:Weapons

Pranala njawi

• A timeline of War and Conflict across the globe: 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1999
• Bloodiest Battles of the 20th Century
• Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th, 17th, 18th & 19th Centuries
• Death Toll from Disasters, War & Accidents
• Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide Archived 2009-12-24 at the Wayback Machine.
• The Security Demographic - provides information about demographic theories of war Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.
• Great Battles of History Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.
• Correlates of War Project
• Correlates of War 2 Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.
• Reality of war. Experience of those who seen it...
• Antiwar.com
• Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research
• Rough estimates of the number of deaths in various wars and conflicts
• Observatory for Protection of Cultural Heritage in Areas of Crisis
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Complex Emergencies Database (CE-DAT) Archived 2009-08-07 at the Wayback Machine.-A database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies.
• International Police Actions as Alternative To Wars and War Crimes^{[pranala mati permanèn]}
• The Strange War - Stories for a Culture of Peace Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. by Martin Auer
• Christopher Caldwell: Youth and War, a deadly Duo - short summary of youth bulge theory (see section "demographic theories" above)
• Warfare and Conflict Resources - TerritorioScuola ODP Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.
• Industrial Organization Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine.-economics lecture in which the Peace War Game is an example.
• WarWiki-a Wikia-hosted wiki about war
• Religion Causes Military Action Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.
• Books of Our Time: The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War by Andrew J. Bacevich Archived 2007-03-26 at the Wayback Machine.(video)
• Industrial Organization Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine.-economics lecture in which the Peace War Game is an example.
• Wars of the 20th Century
• The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review
• War Disaster and Genocide Archived 2002-07-27 at the Wayback Machine.
• Killers of the 20th Century Archived 2007-08-31 at the Wayback Machine.
• Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II Archived 2008-03-30 at the Wayback Machine.
• Haida Warfare
• Primitive War
• Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
• Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge
• The Crow Creek Massacre
• War Before Civilization Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine.
• The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
• The fraud of primitive authenticity Archived 2006-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
• Warfare among tribal peoples Archived 2010-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
• Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonésia's Papua Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine.

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Gladri

Wikipedia

Artikel punika, artikel dhasar ingkang kedah dipundarbèni sadaya basa.

Wikimedia Commons duwé médhia ngenani Warfare.