Géokimia

Géokimia minangka élmu sing nggunakaké alat lan prinsip kimia kanggo nerangaké mekanisme ing mburi sistem géologis utama kayata kerak bumi lan samodra.^[1] Wilayah geokimia ngluwihi Bumi, kalebu kabèh Tata Surya,^[2] lan mènèhi kontribusi sing penting kanggo pangertèn sawetara prosès kalebu konveksi mantel, pembentukan planet lan asal-usul granit lan basalt.^[1] Iki minangka bidang kimia lan géologi sing keintegrasi.

Istilah géokimia pisanan digunakaké dening ahli kimia Switserlan-Jerman yaiku Christian Friedrich Schönbein ing taun 1838: "géokimia komparatif kudu diluncuraké, sadurunge géokimia bisa dadi géologi, lan sadurungé misteri genesis planèt lan perkara anorganik bisa dicethakaké."^[3] Nanging, sajeroné abad iki, istilah sing luwih umum yaiku "géologi kimia", lan ora ana kontak antara ahli géologi lan ahli kimia.^[3]

Géokimia muncul minangka disiplin kapisah sawisé laboratorium utama didegaké, diwiwiti karo Survei Géologi Amerika Serikat (USGS) ing taun 1884, lan miwiti survey sistematik kimia batu lan mineral. Kepala kimiawan USGS, Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, nyathet manawa unsur-unsur umumé sing nyuda kelimpahan nalika boboté atom sing tambah, lan ngringkes babagan kelimpahan unsur ing Data Géokimia .^[3]^[4] Komposisi meteorit diselidiki lan dibandhingaké karo batuan terrestrial wiwit 1850. Ing taun 1901, Oliver C. Farrington hipotesis manawa, sanajan ana bedané, kelimpahan relatif isih padha.^[3] Iki minangka wiwitan lapangan kosmokimia lan nyumbang akèh sing dimangerteni babagan pembentukan Bumi lan Tata Surya.^[5]

Ing wiwitan abad kaping 20, Max von Laue lan William L. Bragg nuduhaké manawa nyebaraké sinar-X bisa digunakaké kanggo nemtokaké struktur kristal. Ing taun 1920-an lan 1930-an, Victor Goldschmidt lan rekan ing Universitas Oslo ngetrapaké cara kasebut menyang akèh mineral umum lan nyusun aturan babagan cara klompok. Goldschmidt nerbitaké karya iki ing seri Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente [Hukum Géokimia Distribusi Unsur].^[4]^[6]

Sawetara bidang geokimia yaiku:^[7]

Géokimia akuatik nyinaoni macem-macem unsur ing banyu kali, kalebu tembaga, belerang, merkuri, lan cara pertukaran unsur kanthi interaksi atmosfer-terestrial-akuatik.^[8]
Biogéokimia minangka bidhang panelitèn sing fokus ing èfèk urip kimia ing Bumi.^[9]
Kosmokimia kalebu analisis distribusi unsur lan isotop ing kosmos.^[2]
Géokimia isotop nglibataké panentu konsentrasi unsur lan absolut unsur lan isotop ing Bumi lan ing lumahing Bumi.^[10]
Géokimia organik, panelitèn babagan peran pangolahan lan senyawa sing asalé saka organisme urip utawa biyèn tau urip.^[11]
Potogéokimia minangka panelitèn reaksi kimia sing nyebabaké cahya sing ana utawa bisa uga ana ing antarané komponén alami ing permukaan Bumi.^[12]
Géokimia regional kalebu trap-trapan kanggo panelitèn lingkungan, hidrologi lan eksplorasi mineral.^[13]

[1]
Albarède, Francis (2007). Geochemistry : an introduction. Translated from the French. (édhisi ka-5th). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 9780521891486.
[2]
McSween, Jr, Harry Y.; Huss, Gary R. (2010). Cosmochemistry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139489461.
[3]
Kragh, Helge (2008). "From geochemistry to cosmochemistry: The origin of a scientific discipline, 1915–1955". Ing Reinhardt, Carsten (èd.). Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries. John Wiley & Sons. kc. 160–192. ISBN 978-3-527-30271-0.
[4]
McSween, Jr., Harry Y.; Richardson, Steven M.; Uhle, Maria E. (2003). Geochemistry pathways and processes (édhisi ka-2nd). New York: Columbia University. ISBN 9780231509039.
[5]
White, William M. Geochemistry (Unpublished). kc. 1. Dibukak ing 14 March 2012.
[6]
Mason, Brian (1992). Victor Moritz Goldschmidt : father of modern geochemistry. San Antonio, Tex.: Geochemical Society. ISBN 0-941809-03-X.
[7]
"Welcome to GPS Geochemistry". GPS Research Program. California Institute of Technology. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 21 September 2017. Dibukak ing 2 October 2017.
[8]
Langmuir, Donald (1997). Aqueous environmental geochemistry. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780023674129.
[9]
Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2013). Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change (édhisi ka-Third). Academic Press. ISBN 9780123858740.
[10]
Kendall, Carol; Caldwell, Eric A. (1998). "Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry". Ing Kendall, C.; McDonnell, J. J. (èd.). Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. kc. 51–86. Dibukak ing 3 October 2017.
[11]
Killops, Stephen D.; Killops, Vanessa J. (2013). Introduction to Organic Geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118697207.
[12]
Doane, TA (2017). "A survey of photogeochemistry". Geochem Trans. 18: 1. doi:10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y. PMC 5307419. PMID 28246525.
[13]
Garrett, R.G.; Reimann, C.; Smith, D.B.; Xie, X. (November 2008). "From geochemical prospecting to international geochemical mapping: a historical overview: Table 1". Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 8 (3–4): 205–217. doi:10.1144/1467-7873/08-174.

[Albarede-1] [1]
Albarède, Francis (2007). Geochemistry : an introduction. Translated from the French. (édhisi ka-5th). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 9780521891486.

[cosmo2-2] [2]
McSween, Jr, Harry Y.; Huss, Gary R. (2010). Cosmochemistry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139489461.

[Buildingbridges3-3] [3]
Kragh, Helge (2008). "From geochemistry to cosmochemistry: The origin of a scientific discipline, 1915–1955". Ing Reinhardt, Carsten (èd.). Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries. John Wiley & Sons. kc. 160–192. ISBN 978-3-527-30271-0.

[McSween2-4] [4]
McSween, Jr., Harry Y.; Richardson, Steven M.; Uhle, Maria E. (2003). Geochemistry pathways and processes (édhisi ka-2nd). New York: Columbia University. ISBN 9780231509039.

[Cornell-5] [5]
White, William M. Geochemistry (Unpublished). kc. 1. Dibukak ing 14 March 2012.

[6] [6]
Mason, Brian (1992). Victor Moritz Goldschmidt : father of modern geochemistry. San Antonio, Tex.: Geochemical Society. ISBN 0-941809-03-X.

[7] [7]
"Welcome to GPS Geochemistry". GPS Research Program. California Institute of Technology. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 21 September 2017. Dibukak ing 2 October 2017.

[8] [8]
Langmuir, Donald (1997). Aqueous environmental geochemistry. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780023674129.

[9] [9]
Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2013). Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change (édhisi ka-Third). Academic Press. ISBN 9780123858740.

[10] [10]
Kendall, Carol; Caldwell, Eric A. (1998). "Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry". Ing Kendall, C.; McDonnell, J. J. (èd.). Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. kc. 51–86. Dibukak ing 3 October 2017.

[11] [11]
Killops, Stephen D.; Killops, Vanessa J. (2013). Introduction to Organic Geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118697207.

[12] [12]
Doane, TA (2017). "A survey of photogeochemistry". Geochem Trans. 18: 1. doi:10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y. PMC 5307419. PMID 28246525.

[13] [13]
Garrett, R.G.; Reimann, C.; Smith, D.B.; Xie, X. (November 2008). "From geochemical prospecting to international geochemical mapping: a historical overview: Table 1". Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 8 (3–4): 205–217. doi:10.1144/1467-7873/08-174.

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