ポール・ミルグロム

ポール・ロバート・ミルグロム（Paul Robert Milgrom, 1948年4月20日 - ）は、アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。スタンフォード大学教授。

ポール・ミルグロム
Paul Milgrom

生誕	(1948-04-20) 1948年4月20日（76歳）
国籍	アメリカ合衆国
研究分野	オークション理論 インセンティブ理論 マーケットデザイン
母校	スタンフォード大学 MS (Statistics), 1978 PhD (Business) 1979 ミシガン大学 BA 1970
影響を 受けた人物	ロバート・バトラー・ウィルソン
影響を 与えた人物	Susan Athey（英語版） Joshua Gans（英語版） Yeon-Koo Che（英語版） 神取道宏 John William Hatfield（英語版） Gillian Hadfield（英語版） Luis Cabral（英語版） Hongbin Cai（英語版） Lixin Ye（英語版） Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné（英語版）
実績	auction theory incentive theory メカニズムデザイン
受賞	アーウィン・プレイン・ネンマーズ経済学賞 (2008) BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award(2012) ノーベル経済学賞(2020)

ノーベル賞受賞者 受賞年：2020年 受賞部門：ノーベル経済学賞 受賞理由：オークション理論の改善と新しいオークション形式の発明

経歴

1948年米国デトロイト生まれ^[1]。1970年に米国ミシガン大学を卒業後、数年間保険数理士の仕事に就いた後に、1978年に米国スタンフォード大学ビジネススクールでPh.Dの学位を取得し、米国ノースウェスタン大学の助教授（1979-81年）、准教授（1981-82年）、教授（1982-83年）、米国イェール大学の教授（1985-87年）を経て、1987年からスタンフォード大学経済学科教授^[1]。

受賞歴

• 2007年 トムソン・ロイター引用栄誉賞^[2]
• 2008年 アーウィン・プレイン・ネンマーズ経済学賞
• 2012年 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
• 2014年 Golden Goose Award
• 2018年 ジョン・カーティー賞
• 2020年 ノーベル経済学賞^[3]

著書

単著

• 『オークション・デザイン──ものの値段はこう決める』（熊谷玲美訳）早川書房、2022年、ISBN 978-4152100511
• 『オークション理論とデザイン』（川又邦雄、奥野正寛監訳　計盛英一郎、馬場弓子訳）東洋経済新報社、2007年、ISBN 978-4492313855

共著

• ポール・ミルグロム、ジョン・ロバーツ『組織の経済学』（奥野正寛、伊藤秀史、今井晴雄、西村理、八木甫訳） NTT出版、1997年、ISBN 978-4871885362

学術論文

• Milgrom, Paul (1979a). The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding. New York: Garland Press (Ph.D. Dissertation)

• Milgrom, Paul (1979b). “A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information”. Econometrica 47 (3): 679–88. doi:10.2307/1910414. JSTOR 1910414.

• Milgrom, Paul (1981a). “An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge”. Econometrica 49 (1): 219–222. doi:10.2307/1911137. JSTOR 1911137.

• Milgrom, Paul (1981b). “Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding”. Econometrica 49 (4): 921–943. doi:10.2307/1912511. JSTOR 1912511.

• Milgrom, Paul (1981c). “Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications”. Bell Journal of Economics 12 (2): 380–91. doi:10.2307/3003562. JSTOR 3003562.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1982). “Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis”. Econometrica (Econometrica, Vol. 50, No. 2) 50 (2): 443–59. doi:10.2307/1912637. JSTOR 1912637.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1982). “Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence”. Journal of Economic Theory 27 (2): 280–312. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X.

• Milgrom, Paul and Nancy Stokey (1982). “Information, Trade and Common Knowledge”. Journal of Economic Theory 26: 17–27. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1.

• Milgrom, Paul and Robert Weber (1982a). “The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction”. Journal of Mathematical Economics 10: 105–14. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8.

• Milgrom, Paul and Robert Weber (1982b). “A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding”. Econometrica (Econometrica, Vol. 50, No. 5) 50 (5): 1089–1122. doi:10.2307/1911865. JSTOR 1911865.

• Kreps, David, Paul Milgrom, John Roberts, and Robert Wilson (1982). “Rational Cooperation in the Finitely‑Repeated Prisoners’ Dilemma”. Journal of Economic Theory 27 (2): 245‑252. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1.

• Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R., Paul R. Milgrom and Robert J. Weber (1983). “Competitive bidding and proprietary information”. Journal of Mathematical Economics 11 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4.

• Milgrom, Paul (1984). “Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation"”. The RAND Journal of Economics 15 (2): 305–309. doi:10.2307/2555683. JSTOR 2555683.

• Milgrom, Paul and Robert Weber (1985). “Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information”. Mathematics of Operations Research 10 (4): 619–32. doi:10.1287/moor.10.4.619.

• Glosten, Larry and Paul Milgrom (1985). “Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading”. Journal of Financial Economics 14 (1): 71‑100. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1986a). “Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality”. Journal of Political Economy 94 (4): 796–821. doi:10.1086/261408. JSTOR 1833203.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1986b). “Relying on the Information of Interested Parties”. The RAND Journal of Economics 17 (1): 18–32. JSTOR 2555625.

• Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1987). “Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives”. Econometrica 55 (2): 303–328. doi:10.2307/1805448. JSTOR 1805448.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1987). “Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization”. The American Economic Review 77 (2): 184–193. JSTOR 1913238.

• Milgrom, Paul and Sharon Oster (1987). “Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 102: 453–476. doi:10.2307/1884213. JSTOR 1884213.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1988). “An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses”. American Journal of Sociology 96: S154-S179.

• Milgrom, Paul (1988). “Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design”. Journal of Political Economy 96 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1086/261523. JSTOR 1830709.

• Milgrom,Paul and John Roberts (1988). “Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production”. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 90 (3): 275–289.. doi:10.2307/3440309.

• Milgrom, Paul (1989). “Auctions and Bidding: A Primer”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.3. JSTOR 1942756.

• Fudenberg, Drew, Bengt Holmstrom and Paul Milgrom (1990). “Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships”. Journal of Economic Theory 51 (1): 154–159. doi:10.2307/2006561.

• Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts (1990a). “The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes”. The American Economic Review 80 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. JSTOR 2006561.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1990b). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization”. American Economic Review 80 (3): 511–28. JSTOR 2006681.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1990c). “Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities”. Econometrica 58 (6): 1255–1278. JSTOR 2938316.

• Milgrom, Paul, Douglass C. North, and Barry R. Weingast (1990). “The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs”. Economics and Politics 2 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x.

• Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1991). “Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design”. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7: 303–328. doi:10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24. JSTOR 764957.

• Abreu, D., Paul Milgrom, and David Pearce (1991). “Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships”. Econometrica 59 (6): 1713–1733. JSTOR 2938286.

• Milgrom, Paul, Yingi Qian and John Roberts. (1991). “Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing”. The American Economic Review 81 (2): 84–88. doi:10.2307/2006831. JSTOR 2006831.

• Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts (1991). “Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games”. Games and Economic Behavior 82 (100): 82–100. doi:10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1992). Economics, Organization and Management. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0132246503

• Bresnahan, Timothy F., Paul Milgrom, and Jonathan Paul (1992). “The Real Output of the Stock Exchange”. Output Measurement in the Services Sectors: 195–216.

• Meyer, Margaret, Paul Milgrom, and John Roberts (1992). “Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes”. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 1 (1): 9–35. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x.

• Milgrom, Paul (1994). “Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?”. Journal of Political Economy 102 (3): 607–615. doi:10.2307/2138625. JSTOR 2138625.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1994). “Comparing Equilibria”. The American Economic Review 84 (3): 441–459. doi:10.2307/2118061. JSTOR 2118061.

• Milgrom, Paul and Chris Shannon (1994). “Monotone Comparative Statics”. Econometrica 62 (1): 157–180. JSTOR 2951479.

• Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1994). “The Firm as an Incentive System”. Econometrica 84 (4): 972–991. JSTOR 2118041.

• Greif, Avner, Paul Milgrom, and Barry R. Weingast (1994). “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild”. Journal of Political Economy 102 (4): 745–776. doi:10.1086/261953. JSTOR 2138763.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1994). “Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing”. Journal of Accounting and Economics 19 (2-3): 179–208. doi:10.1016/0165.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1995). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply”. The American Economic Review 85 (4): 997–999. doi:10.2307/2118249. JSTOR 2118249.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1996a). “The LeChatelier Principle”. The American Economic Review 86 (1): 113–128. doi:10.1006/game.1996.0096.

• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1996b). “Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities”. Games and Economic Behavior 17 (1): 173–179. doi:10.2307/2118261. JSTOR 2118261.

• Milgrom, Paul (1998). “Game theory and the spectrum auctions”. European Economic Review 42 (3-5): 771–778. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3.

• Milgrom, Paul (2000). “Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction”. Journal of Political Economy 108 (2): 245–272. doi:10.1086/262118. JSTOR 262118.

• Ausubel, Lawrence M. and Paul Milgrom (2002). “Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding”. The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 1 (1).

• Milgrom, Paul and Ilya Segal (2002). “Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets”. Econometrica 70 (2): 583–601. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00296. JSTOR 2692283.

• Milgrom, Paul (2004). Putting Auction Theory to Work. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53672-3

• Hatfield, John W., and Paul Milgrom (2005). “Matching with Contracts”. The American Economic Review 95 (4): 913–935. doi:10.2307/4132699. JSTOR 4132699.

• Ausubel, Lawrence M., Peter Cramton and Paul Milgrom (2006). “The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design”. in Combinatorial Auctions, edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R..

• Ausubel, Lawrence M. and Paul Milgrom (2006a). “The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction”. in Combinatorial Auctions, edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R..

• Ausubel, Lawrence M. and Paul Milgrom (2006b). “Ascending Proxy Auctions”. in Combinatorial Auctions, edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R..

• Milgrom, Paul (2007). “Package Auctions and Exchanges”. Econometrica 75 (4): 935–965. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x.

• Milgrom, Paul (2008). “What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 22 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.115.

• Hall, Robert E. and Paul R. Milgrom (2008). “The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain”. The American Economic Review 98 (4): 1653–1674. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1653. JSTOR 29730140.

• Day, R., and Paul Milgrom (2008). “Core-selecting package auctions”. International Journal of Game Theory 36 (3-4): 393–407. doi:10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7.

• Milgrom, Paul (2009). “Assignment Messages and Exchanges”. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 1 (2): 95–113. doi:10.1257/mic.1.2.95.

• Milgrom, Paul and Bruno Strulovici (2009). “Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium”. Journal of Economic Theory 144 (1): 212–247. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002.

• Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis”. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 2 (3): 160–185. doi:10.1257/mic.2.3.160.

• Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions”. Games and Economic Behavior 70 (1): 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003.

• Levin, Jonathan and Paul Milgrom (2010). “Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design”. American Economic Review 100 (2): 603–607. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.603.

• Milgrom, Paul (2011). “Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design”. Economic Inquiry 49 (2): 311–320. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x.

• Budish, E., Che, Y.-K., Kojima, F., and Paul Milgrom (2013). “Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications”. American Economic Review 103 (2): 585–623. doi:10.1257/aer.103.2.585.

脚注

1. ミルグロム・ロバーツ（1997）の「訳者まえがき」（p. xi）を参照。
2. トムソン：2007年ノーベル賞の有力候補者を発表
3. “ノーベル賞とったよ！ 伝えられたのは玄関インターホン越し 米”. www3.nhk.or.jp. NHK NEWS WEB (2020年10月14日). 2020年10月14日閲覧。

参考文献

• ポール・ミルグロム、ジョン・ロバーツ（奥野正寛、伊藤秀史、今井晴雄、西村理、八木甫訳）『組織の経済学』（NTT出版）、1997年、ISBN 978-4871885362

関連項目

• ノーベル賞受賞者からの公開書簡 (2022年)

外部リンク

• Personal web page
• Nemmer's Prize Lecture, 2008
• National Science Foundations LiveScience Program Interview, 2012
• Al Roth's remarks on Paul Milgrom's 65th Birthday, 2013
• Joshua Gans's remarks at Paul Milgrom's 65th Birthday, 2013