ウォーロック

ウォーロック（英: warlock）とはウィッチクラフトを行う男性である^[1]。

ウォーロックの語源として最も広く受け入れられている単語は、古英語の ƿǣrloga である^[2]。 ƿǣrloga は「誓いを破る者」・「騙す/裏切る者」を意味していたが、西暦1000年前後には特に「悪魔」を指す語として転用されるようになった^[3]。この語が男性のウィッチを指して用いられるようになったのは、近世のスコットランドにおいての事である（ウィッチという語は元来は性を問わなかったが、歴史的には主に女性を指して使用されてきた）^[4]^[5]^[6]。この男性ウィッチを指す用法は、ウォルター・スコットの著作を通じてスコットランド外にも流布して行った^[7]。

この他、古ノルド語の varð-lokkur (精霊を呼ぶ者) にその由来を求める説もある^[8]^[9]^[10]。しかしこの varð-lokkur という語自体の用例は殆ど確認されておらず、また「ック」という子音はウォーロックの古形にあたる英単語には存在しないにもかかわらず varð-lokkur はこれを含んでいる。以上の理由からオックスフォード英語辞典はこの説に対して否定的な立場を取っている^[11]。

近世スコットランドにおける魔女裁判（英語版）の犠牲者の大部分は女性であったが、その中には「ウォーロック」であるとして処刑される男性もあった^[12]^[13]^[14]。

ジョン・ネイピアは若い頃占いやオカルトに関心を抱いていたため、ウォーロックや魔術師であると捉えられることがしばしばあったが、その高い地位のおかげで告発される事はなかったとされる^[15]^[16]。

[1]
“Definition of warlock”. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 29 December 2018閲覧。
[2]
“Warlock”. Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. (1989). http://dictionary.oed.com
[3]
“warlock”. Online Etymology Dictionary. 11 August 2020閲覧。
[4]
McNeill, F. Marian (1957). The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland. 1. Glasgow: William Maclellan
[5]
Chambers, Robert (1861). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh
[6]
Sinclair, George (1871). Satan's Invisible World Discovered. Edinburgh
[7]
The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins s.v. warlock
[8]
Cleasby, R.; Vigfusson, G. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. London: Macmillan
[9]
Olsen, M. (1916). Maal Og Minne. Oslo: Bymalslaget
[10]
Loewe, M.; Blacker, C. (1981). Oracles and Divination. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 130. "'Vardlokkur'...is related to the Scots dialect word 'warlock', wizard, and the meaning is thought to relate to the power to shut in or enclose""
[11]
Oxford English Dictionary, (online) 2nd Edition (1989): "ON. varðlokkur wk. fem. pl. ... incantation, suggested already in Johnson, is too rare (? occurring once), with regard to the late appearance of the -k forms, to be considered."
[12]
Thomas Thomson, A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times (1896), page 286: "Where one man suffered as a warlock, ten women at least were executed as witches."
[13]
Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution (1874), page 244
[14]
Journal of Jurisprudence and Scottish Law Magazine (1891), Execution of the Judgment of Death, page 397: "We read (Law's Memor. Pref. lix.) that 'one John Brugh, a notorious warlock (wizard) in the parochin of Fossoquhy, by the space of thirty-six years, was worried at a stake and burned, 1643.'"
[15]
Roger A. Mason, Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (2006, ISBN 0521026202), page 199
[16]
Julian Havil, John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy (2014, ISBN 1400852188), page 19

魔法使い

[1] [1]
“Definition of warlock”. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 29 December 2018閲覧。

[2] [2]
“Warlock”. Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. (1989). http://dictionary.oed.com

[3] [3]
“warlock”. Online Etymology Dictionary. 11 August 2020閲覧。

[4] [4]
McNeill, F. Marian (1957). The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland. 1. Glasgow: William Maclellan

[5] [5]
Chambers, Robert (1861). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh

[6] [6]
Sinclair, George (1871). Satan's Invisible World Discovered. Edinburgh

[7] [7]
The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins s.v. warlock

[8] [8]
Cleasby, R.; Vigfusson, G. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. London: Macmillan

[9] [9]
Olsen, M. (1916). Maal Og Minne. Oslo: Bymalslaget

[10] [10]
Loewe, M.; Blacker, C. (1981). Oracles and Divination. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 130. "'Vardlokkur'...is related to the Scots dialect word 'warlock', wizard, and the meaning is thought to relate to the power to shut in or enclose""

[11] [11]
Oxford English Dictionary, (online) 2nd Edition (1989): "ON. varðlokkur wk. fem. pl. ... incantation, suggested already in Johnson, is too rare (? occurring once), with regard to the late appearance of the -k forms, to be considered."

[12] [12]
Thomas Thomson, A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times (1896), page 286: "Where one man suffered as a warlock, ten women at least were executed as witches."

[13] [13]
Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution (1874), page 244

[14] [14]
Journal of Jurisprudence and Scottish Law Magazine (1891), Execution of the Judgment of Death, page 397: "We read (Law's Memor. Pref. lix.) that 'one John Brugh, a notorious warlock (wizard) in the parochin of Fossoquhy, by the space of thirty-six years, was worried at a stake and burned, 1643.'"

[15] [15]
Roger A. Mason, Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (2006, ISBN 0521026202), page 199

[16] [16]
Julian Havil, John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy (2014, ISBN 1400852188), page 19

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ウォーロック

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