ロバーツが最初に1955年に軍事革命の概念を提案した。その年の1月21日にベルファストのクイーンズ大学で講演を行った。これは後に『The Military Revolution, 1560–1660』として出版され、50年にわたって歴史学会での議論を活性化させ、その概念は継続的に再定義され、挑戦されてきた。歴史家はしばしばロバーツの理論に異議を唱える。だが同時に、ヨーロッパでの戦争方法が近世もしくはその近い年代で大きく変化したという彼の基本的な提案には普通は同意している [8]。
こうして生み出された薄く広い歩兵隊列は、防御的な配置には理想的だが、攻撃的な機動には不向きだった。間口が広くなるほど、秩序と統制を維持したり、戦術機動、特に旋回を行うことが難しくなる。ティリーによって使用されたような突撃隊列が、実際には素早く柔軟なことをグスタフ・アドルフは熟知していた。このスウェーデン王は必要に応じて、アルテ・ヴェステの戦い(Battle of the Alte Veste)のようにそれを利用した(図3を参照)。
最後に、戦力を記載しない部隊の一覧である戦闘序列Orders of Battleは、16、17、18世紀では非常に重要である。かつて、軍は永続的に部隊を配備する組織を欠いていたので、通常の戦闘序列とは、部隊を持つ指揮官の列挙で構成されていた。古代の例外は、初期からかなりの軍事組織を発展させたローマ軍である。ただし、部隊というのは戦闘中だけでなく平時でさえ、完全に充足された戦力であることがほとんどないので、戦闘序列は兵数の信頼できる情報源ではない。
Yet, the factors that defined the military revolution in Europe were absent in European expeditions to Asia, Africa, and the Americas, and conventional accounts are often marred by Eurocentric biases.[5]
For instance between the muster at Duben and the Muster at Breitenfeld the Swedish army lost more than 10% of its infantry in just two days,[51] this kind of conduct would be typical before a major battle was to be fought.
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