クロウフォードの志願兵隊は1782年5月25日に30日分の食料を持ってミンゴボトムを出発した[38]。アービン将軍はこの作戦を立てる時にサンダスキー川まで175マイル (282 km) を7日間で行けると見積もっていた[39]。この作戦は意気揚々と始められた。志願兵の中には「ワイアンドット族全てを掃滅する」つもりだと豪語する者もいた[40]。
アメリカ軍は死者を埋葬し、撤退を再開した。インディアンとイギリス軍レンジャー部隊がこれを追跡し、長射程から時たま発砲した。ウィリアムソンとローズは、秩序ある撤退が生きて故郷に帰られる唯一の方法だと兵士達に警告し、部隊の大半を纏め続けた。その日のアメリカ兵は、ある者は徒歩で30マイル (48 km) 以上落ち延びて、宿営した。翌日、アメリカ軍の落伍者2名がインディアンに捕まり、おそらくその場で殺されたと見られており、その後インディアンとレンジャー部隊は追跡を止めた。アメリカ軍主力は6月13日にミンゴボトムに到着した。その後数日間に多くの落伍兵が三々五々到着した[80]。結局70名のアメリカ兵が遠征から戻らなかった[81]。
ウィリアムソンとローズがその主力と共に撤退している間、クロウフォード、ナイトおよび他に4名の落伍者は現在のオハイオ州クロウフォード郡のサンダスキー川に沿って南に下っていた。6月7日、彼らは戦場から約28マイル (45 km) 東でデラウェア族の1隊に出くわした。ナイトがその銃を向けたが、クロウフォードが発砲しないように告げた。クロウフォードとナイトはこれらデラウェア族の数人を知っていた。彼らはウィンゲナンドという戦闘指導者の率いるバンドの一部だった。クロウフォードとナイトは捕虜となったが、他の4人の兵士は逃亡した。このうち2人は後に追い詰められて殺され、頭皮を剥がれた[82]。
キャプテン・パイプの演説後、クロウフォードは裸にされて殴られた。その両手は後手に縛られ、その縄は地上に立つ柱に括り付けられた。柱から約6ないし7ヤード (約6 m) に大きな焚き火が点けられた。インディアンの男達がクロウフォードの体に弾薬を撃ちこみ、両耳を切り取った。クロウフォードは焚き火から持ってきた薪で炙られ、熱い石炭を投げつけられ、その上を歩かされた。クロウフォードはガーティに射殺してくれるよう懇願したが、ガーティは干渉することに気が進まず、あるいはそうすることを恐れていた。約2時間の拷問後クロウフォードは気絶した。クロウフォードの頭皮が剥がされ、一人の女が熱い石炭をその頭に注ぐと、クロウフォードは意識を取り戻した。拷問が続く間、無意識のまま歩き周り始めた。クロウフォードが遂に死ぬと、その遺骸は燃やされた[92]。
クロウフォードが処刑されたのと同じ日、少なくとも6名のアメリカ兵捕虜が2つのグループに別れ、マッド川沿いのワパトミカ、現在のオハイオ州ローガン郡にあったショーニー族の集落に連れて行かれた。この捕虜の中には遠征隊の中で第4位の指揮権があったジョン・B・マクレランド少佐、ウィリアム・ハリソン（クロウフォードの義理の息子）および兵卒のウィリアム・クロウフォード（クロウフォードの甥）も含まれていた[94]。6名のうち、マクレランド、ハリソン、クロウフォードを含む4名は顔を黒く塗られた。村人達は伝令から、次に来る捕虜達が2列で来ることを知らされていた。捕虜達は集会所まで約300ヤード (270 m) の距離をガントレットの間を走らされた。捕虜達が走りすぎるとき、村人達は彼らを棍棒で殴り、とくに顔を黒く塗られた捕虜に集中した。顔を黒く塗られた捕虜はトマホークで死ぬまで殴られた後に、その体を切り刻まれた。その頭部と手足は町の外れにある柱の側に積まれた。捕虜の一人、ジョン・スローバーという斥候はマカチャック（現在のオハイオ州ウェストリバティ）に連れて行かれたが、火刑に処される前に逃亡した。彼は裸のまま、馬を盗んでそれが疲れ果てるまで乗り進み、その後は足で走って7月10日にピット砦に辿りついた。帰還した最後の生き残りだった[95]。
Calloway, "Captain Pipe", 369. Calloway argues that while Captain Pipe has often been characterized by writers as being "pro-British" early in the war, Pipe was actually an advocate of Delaware neutrality until about 1779.
Brown, "Reconstructing Crawford's Army", 34–35. After examining pension files and other records, Brown concluded that as many as 583 men may have taken part in the expedition, though an unknown number deserted before reaching Sandusky.
Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 121–22; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 120. John Heckewelder, the Moravian minister whose congregation had been murdered at Gnadenhütten, wrote an influential account of the Sandusky expedition in which he claimed that the real purpose of the campaign was to find and kill the remaining peaceful Moravian Indians. Butterfield could find no documented support for this accusation, arguing that the goal of the campaign was clearly the hostile Sandusky towns; Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 70, 78–80, 155–56.
Anderson, Colonel William Crawford, 26; Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 301. Rosenthal survived to return home and eventually became the Marshal of the Noble Corporation in Governorate of Estonia.
Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 37. Participants from the Detroit area were described as "Lake Indians" by the British, and probably included the "Three Fires Confederacy" as well as northern Wyandots (Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 417).
Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 172, wrote that Pipe commanded about 200 Delawares, and when combined with the Wyandots, they "considerably outnumbered" the Americans. Downes, Council Fires, 274, also writes that the Indians outnumbered Crawford. Sosin, Revolutionary Frontier, 136, gives the combined total as 500. However, Nester, Frontier War, 325, gives the total as 200, as does Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 417, and Rauch, "Crawford Expedition", 313. Mann, George Washington's War, 171, lists the combined Indian and ranger force at 230, the smallest estimate in the sources.
Rosenthal, Journal, 150; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 138. Butterfield, who did not have Rose's journal, omits the detail that the scouts were still in the grove when Crawford arrived.
Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 207, writes that the Wyandot battlefield leader was Zhaus-sho-toh, but in History of the Girtys, 163, which was written later and corrects some errors of the earlier work, he writes that Dunquat was in command.
Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 37. There is disagreement in the sources about the time of the British arrival. According to Horsman, Elliot and Caldwell's rangers were with the Wyandot reinforcements on June 4. According to Belue ("Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 418), Caldwell arrived and was wounded on June 4, while Elliott arrived with more rangers on June 5. According to Butterfield (Expedition against Sandusky, 216), the rangers did not arrive until June 5.
Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 216. Butterfield is the only source that mentions this dismay at the arrival of the British rangers since, as noted above, others write that the rangers were involved on June 4.
Nelson, Man of Distinction, 125. Some sources give the number of Shawnees as 150 rather than 140. Most sources do not name the Shawnee leader in the battle, but he is identified as Blacksnake in Sugden, Blue Jacket, 62, and Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 169.
Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 224. Several brief accounts of the expedition state that it was Crawford who "made a stand" with his men at the Battle of Olentangy and that his capture took place after this skirmish (Boatner, "Crawford's Defeat", 288; Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 418; Miller, "William Crawford", 312). However, the detailed accounts of Butterfield and Brown make it clear that Crawford went missing the night before and was not present during the battle. In his journal, Rose wrote that "Mr. William Crawford" became separated during the Olentangy battle, but he was referring to the younger William Crawford, a nephew of the colonel; Rosenthal, Journal, 153.
Brown, "Fate of Crawford Volunteers", 332; Sugden, Blue Jacket, 20–21. The most famous adoption of the war was that of Daniel Boone, who was captured and adopted by Shawnees in 1778.
Brown, "Historical Accuracy", 61; Wallace, Travels of John Heckewelder, 404. Most accounts do not mention Crawford's role in the "squaw campaign", nor mention it as a reason for his execution.
Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 345–78. The last to come home from the expedition may have been Joseph Pipes, who was held by Shawnees until 1786 (Brown, "Fate of Crawford Volunteers", 332, 338).
Belue, Ted Franklin. "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition". The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia 1: 416–420. Ed. Richard L. Blanco. New York: Garland, 1993. ISBN 0-8240-5623-X.
Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. "Crawford's Defeat". Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History, 2nd ed., 1:287–88. Edited by Harold E. Selesky, article revised by Michael Bellesiles. Detroit: Scribner's, 2006. ISBN 0-684-31513-0.
Brown, Parker B. "'Crawford's Defeat': A Ballad." Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 64 (March 1981): 311–327.
———. "Reconstructing Crawford's Army of 1782". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 65 (January 1982): 17–36.
———. "The Battle of Sandusky: June 4–6, 1782". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 65 (April 1982): 115–151.
———. "The Fate of Crawford Volunteers Captured by Indians Following the Battle of Sandusky in 1782". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 65 (October 1982): 323–39.
———. "The Historical Accuracy of the Captivity Narrative of Doctor John Knight". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 70 (January 1987): 53–67.
Calloway, Colin G. "Captain Pipe." American National Biography. 4:368–69. Ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-512783-8.
Clifton, James A. "Dunquat." American National Biography. 7:105–07. Ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-512786-2.
Miller, Sarah E. "William Crawford". The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 1:311–13. Gregory Fremont-Barnes and Richard Alan Ryerson, eds. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1-85109-408-3.
Rauch, Steven J. "Crawford Expedition". The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 1:313–15. Gregory Fremont-Barnes and Richard Alan Ryerson, eds. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1-85109-408-3.
Sadosky, Leonard. "Rethinking the Gnadenhutten Massacre: The Contest for Power in the Public World of the Revolutionary Pennsylvania Frontier". In David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds., The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814, 187–213. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
Quaife, Milo Milton. "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782". Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17, no. 4 (March 1931): 515–529.
書籍
Anderson, James H. Colonel William Crawford. Columbus: Ohio Archæological and Historical Publications, 1898. Originally published in Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly 6:1–34. Address delivered at the site of the Crawford monument on 6 May 1896. Available online from the Ohio Historical Society.
Butterfield, Consul Willshire. An Historical Account of the Expedition against Sandusky under Col. William Crawford in 1782. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1873. The only book-length secondary account of the expedition. Butterfield began revising his book after more material came to light, particularly the journal of John Rose, but he died in 1899 before publishing a new edition (Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 116).
Butterfield, Consul Willshire. History of the Girtys. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1890.
Calloway, Colin G. The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-47149-4 (hardback).
Cowan, Frank. Southwestern Pennsylvania in Song and Story: With Notes and Illustrations. Greensburg, Pennsylvania: Cowan, 1878.
Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4609-9.
Downes, Randolph C. Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley until 1795. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940. ISBN 0-8229-5201-7 (1989 reprint).
Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
Horsman, Reginald. Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964.
Howard, James H. Shawnee! The Ceremonialism of a Native American Tribe and its Cultural Background. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1981. ISBN 0-8214-0417-2.
Hurt, R. Douglas. The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-253-33210-9 (hardcover); ISBN 0-253-21212-X (1998 paperback).
Mann, Barbara Alice. George Washington's War on Native America. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2005. ISBN 0-275-98177-0.
Nelson, Larry L. A Man of Distinction among Them: Alexander McKee and the Ohio Country Frontier, 1754–1799. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-87338-620-5 (hardcover).
Nester, William. The Frontier War for American Independence. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole, 2004. ISBN 0-8117-0077-1.
Olmstead, Earl P. Blackcoats among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier. Kent State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-87338-422-9.
Rosenthal, John Rose, Baron de. Journal of a Volunteer Expedition to Sandusky. Originally published in 1894. New York Times and Arno Press reprint, 1969.
Sipe, C. Hale. The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania. Originally published 1927. Wennawoods reprint, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 1999.
Sosin, Jack M. The Revolutionary Frontier, 1763–1783. New York: Holt, 1967.
Sugden, John. Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8032-4288-3.
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, ed. Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8061-2056-8. For maps.
Trigger, Bruce. The Huron: Farmers of the North. New York: Holt, 1969. ISBN 0-03-079550-8.
Wallace, Paul A. W., ed. The Travels of John Heckewelder in Frontier America. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1958. Originally published as Thirty Thousand Miles with John Heckewelder. ISBN 0-8229-5369-2 (1985 reprint with new title); ISBN 1-889037-13-3 (1998 Wennawoods reprint under original title).
Weslager, C. A. The Delaware Indians: A History. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8135-1494-0.
出版された一次史料
Brackenridge, H. H., ed. Indian Atrocities: Narratives of the Perils and Sufferings of Dr. Knight and John Slover, among the Indians during the Revolutionary War, with Short Memoirs of Col. Crawford & John Slover. Cincinnati, 1867. Knight and Slover's captivity narratives, often printed under various titles and in other collections, including A Selection of the Most Interesting Narratives of Outrages Committed by the Indians… (ed. Archibald Loudon, 1808). See .pp.723-744 Pennsylvania in the War of the revolution
Butterfield, C. W., ed. Washington-Irvine Correspondence: The official letters which passed between Washington and Brig-Gen. William Irvine and between Irvine and others concerning military affairs in the West from 1781 to 1783. Madison, Wisconsin: Atwood, 1882.
記事
Bailey, De Witt. "British Indian Department". The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia 1:165–77. Ed. Richard L. Blanco. New York: Garland, 1993. ISBN 0-8240-5623-X.
Brown, Parker B. "The Search for the William Crawford Burn Site: An Investigative Report". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 68 (January 1985): 43–66.
書籍
Allen, Robert S. His Majesty's Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defense of Canada. Toronto: Dundurn, 1992. ISBN 1-55002-184-2.
Wetter, Mardee de. Incognito, An Affair of Honor. Barbed Wire Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-881325-82-2. A biography of Baron Rosenthal ("John Rose").
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