Galileo Galilei

Ni Galileo Galilei (Panangibalikas nga Italiano‎: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 Pebrero 1564^[4] – 8 Enero 1642),^[5] ket maysa idi nga Italiano a pisisista, matematiko, astronomo, ken pilosopo nga isu ket adda ti nangruna a papel iti Sientipiko a Rebolusion. Dagiti nagun-odanna ket mairaman ti pannakapasayaat ti teleskopio ken dagiti nagbanagan ti astronomiko a panagpalpaliiw ken ti panagsuporta para iti Kopernikanismo. Ni Galileo ket tinawtawagan idin a kas ti "ama ti moderno a mapalpaliiw nga astronomia astronomia",^[6] i "ama ti moderno a pisika",^[7] ti "ama ti siensia",^[7] ken "ti Ama ti Moderno a Siensia".^[8]

Galileo Galilei
Ladawan ni Galileo Galilei babaen ni Giusto Sustermans
Nayanak	(1564-02-15)15 Pebrero 1564[1] Pisa,[1] Dukado iti Florensia, Italia
Natay	8 Enero 1642(1642-01-08) (tawen 77)[1] Arcetri,[1] Nalatak a Dukado iti Toskana, Italia
Pagtaengan	Nalatak a Dukado iti Toskana, Italia
Pakipagilian	Italiano (Toskano)
Alma mater	Unibersidad iti Pisa
Nakaam-ammuan	Kinematiko Dinamika Panagpalpaliiw ti teleskopio nga astronomia Heliosentrismo
Sientipiko a pagsapulan
Dagiti pagobraan	Astronomia, pisika ken matematika
Dagiti patakder	Unibersidad iti Pisa Unibersidad iti Padua
Akademiko nga agbalbalakad	Ostilio Ricci[2]
Dagiti nangruna nga estudiante	Benedetto Castelli Mario Guiducci Vincenzo Viviani[3]
Pirma
Dagiti nota
Ti amana ket maysa a musikero Vincenzo Galilei. Ti kamalala ni Galileo Galilei a ni Marina Gamba (1570 – 21 Agosto 1612?) ket nangiyanak ti dua a babbbai (Maria Celeste (Virginia, 1600–1634) ken Livia (1601–1659), a dagitoy du a ket nagbalinda a madre) ken maysa nga anak a lalaki a ni Vincenzo (1606–1649), a laudista.

Dagiti naipaeawagna iti mapalpaliiw nga astronomia ket mairaman ti teleskopia a pannakapasingked dagiti paset ti Benus, ti panakaduktal kadagiti uppat a kadakkelan a satelite ti Hupiter (a nanaganan ti Galileo a bulbulan a pammadayaw kaniana), ken ti pannakapalpaliiw ken panagusig dagiti turik ti init. Ni Galileo ket nagobra pay iti naipakat a siensia ken teknolohia, isu ket nagparnuay ken nangpasayaat iti kompas ti militar ken dagiti nadumaduma pay nga instrumento.

Ti panangipatakderan ni Galileo ti heliosentrismo ket kontrobersial idi kadagiti panawen ti kabibiagna, idi kaaduan ti umananamong iti heosentrismo wenno ti Tycho a sistema.^[9] Isu ket sinuppiat dagiti adu nga astronomo, a nagdudua ti heliosentrismo gapu ti kaawan ti napaliiw a estelar a paralahe.^[9] Daytoy a banag ket sinukisok babaen ti Romano a Panagsukisok idi 1615, ken nangipatinggada a mabalin a masuportaran a daytoy ket kasla posibilidad laeng, a saan a naipatakderan a kinapudno.^[9][10] Kalpasan daytoy ni Galileo ket inkaluyana dagitoy a kapanunotanna idiay Dialogo a Maipanggep ti Dua a Kangrunaan a Sistema ti Lubong, a kasla nangipakpakita a nangiraut kenni Papa Urbano VIII ken isu ket nangisina kaniana ken dagiti Hesuita, a dagitoy dua ket nagsuporta kenni Galileo aginggana ti daytoy a punto.^[9] Isu ket naidarum babaen ti Panagsukisok, ken napabasol ti "nakaro a panakasuspetsa ti erehia", ken napilit a nagisubli kadagiti inbagana, ken naibalod idiay pagtaengan kadagiti sumaganad a kabibiagna.^[11][12] Idi naibalod idiay pagtaenganna a ni Galileo ket nagsurat iti maysa a kapintasan nga obrana, Dua a Baro a Siensia, nga iti daytoy ket inpabuklanna ti inobrana kadagiti napalabas nga uppat a pulo a tawtawen, kadagiti dua a siensia a tattan ket tinawtawagan a kas ti kinematika ken kapigsa dagiti materiales.^[13][14]

Nasapa a biag

Ni Galileo ket naipasngay idi idiay Pisa (a paset idi ti Dukado iti Florensia), Italia, ti kaunaan kadagiti innem nga annak ni Vincenzo Galilei, timaysa a nadayeg a laudista, kompositor, ken teorista ti musika; kenni Giulia Ammannati. Ni Galileo ket nagbalin pay a maysa a nadayeg a laudista ket nasapa a nakaadal kenni amana ti nasalun-at nga eskeptisismo para iti naipatakder a turay,^[15] ti pateg ti nasayaat a pannakarukod wenno naaduan a panag-eksperimento, tipanagayat para iti periodiko wenno musiko a panagrukod ti oras wenno kumpas, ken ti pay naipalpalawagan a nagbanagan ti manamnama manipud iti panagtipon ti matematika ken eksperimento. Tallo kadagiti lima a kakabsat ni Galileo ket nagbiagda, ken ti kaubingan a ni Michelangelo (wenno Michelagnolo) ket nagbalin paya nadayeg a laudista ken kompositor, nupay isu ket nagparawad ti kinarigat ti busbos idi laus-ud ti ubing a kinaagtutubo ni Galileo. Ni Michelangelo ket saan idi a nakabael nga agparawad ti bingayna para iti naikari a palab-ong ti amana a para kadagiti kayongda, a kalpasan daytoy ket nagsukisok ti legado a pamuspusan para iti daytoy nga utang. Ni Michelangelo ket sagpaminsan pay nga immututang kenni Galileo para iti panagsuporta para kadagiti musika nga obrana. Dagiti a panagsagsagaba ti busbos ket nagparawad kenni Galileo ti panagayat ti panagparang-ay kadagiti maparnuay a magiyeg kaniana ti nayon ti matgedanna.

Ni Galileo ket nainaganan manipud iti puonan a kabagianna, a ni Galileo Bonaiuti, nga isu ket maysa a mangngagas, manursuro iti unibersidad ken politiko a nagtaeng idiay Florensia manipud idi 1370 aginggan idi 1450; iti dayta a paset ti panawen ti naladaw a maika-14 a siglo, ti apelyido ti pamiliana ket nasukatan manipud iti Bonaiuti (wenno Buonaiuti) iti Galilei. Ni Galileo Bonaiuti ket naipunpon iti isu met laeng a simbaan, ti Basilika iti Santa Croce idiay Florensia, nga iti agarup 200 a tawtawen ti napalabas ti nakaipunponan met laeng ti nadaydayeg a kaputotanna a ni Galileo Galilei. Idi agtawen ti 8 ni Galileo Galilei, ti pamiliana ket immalis idiay Florensia, ngem isu ket naibati kenni Jacopo Borghini para iti dua a tawen.^[1] Isu ket nagadal idiay Camaldolese a Monasterio idiay Vallombrosa, 35 km nga abagatan a daya ti Florensia.^[1]

Ti anak a babai ni Galileo, Virginia (Madre Maria Celeste), ket naisangsangayan a nagay-ayat idi iti amana. Isu ken ti amana ket naipuponda idiay Basilika iti Santa Croce, Florensia.

Nupay isu ket maysa a reliohiosa a Romano Katoliko,^[16] Ni Galileo ket nakaputo ti tallo nga annak babaen ti kamalalana a ni Marina Gamba. Adda dua nga annakda a babbai, ni Virginia idi 1600 kenni Livia idi 1601, ken maysa nga anak a lalaki, a ni Vincenzo, idi 1606. Gapu ti panakaanakda ti ruar, ti amada ket pinanunotanna a dagitoy dua a bababei ket saan a mabalin a makiasawa, ngem no saan daytoy ket mangited ti parikut ti nagina a panagsuporta wenno dagiti palab-ong, a daytoy ket kapadpadanto dagiti dati a parikut ti busbos dagiti dua a kakabsatna a babbai.^[17] Ti napateg laeng nga alternatiboda ket ti relihioso a biag. Dagitoy dua a babbai ket naipatulodda idiay konbento iti San Matteo idiay Arcetri ken nagtaengda idiay kadagiti dagup a panagbiagdaa.^[18] Ni Virginia ket nangala ti nagan a Maria Celeste idi simrrek idiay konbento. Ni Virginia ket pimmusay idi 2 Abril 1634, ken naipunpon a kaduna ni Galileo idiay Basilicka iti Santa Croce, Florensia. Ni Livia ket nanagal ti nagan a Madre Arcangela ken managsakit para kadagiti kaaduan a kabibiagna. Ni Vincenzo ket naipalegado a kas ti legado a tumawid kenni Galileo, ken inasawana ni Sestilia Bocchineri.^[19]

Paammo

1. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Galileo Galilei". Arkibo ti MacTutor a Pakasaritaan ti Matematika. Unibersidad iti St Andrews, Eskosia. Naala idi 2007-07-24.
2. F. Vinci, Ostilio Ricci da Fermo, Maestro di Galileo Galilei, Fermo, 1929.
3. NODAK.edu^{[permanente a natay a silpo]}
4. Drake (1978, p. 1). Ti petsa a panakaiyanak ni Galileo ket naited segun ti Kalendario a Huliano, a daytoy ti inus-usar kadagiti amin a pagturayan ti Kristiano. Idi 1582 daytoy ket nasukatan iti Kalendario a Gregoriano idiay Italia ken dagiti dadduma pay a Katoliko a pagilian. No saan a sabali ti naibaga, dagiti petsa ti daytoy nga artikulo ket naited segun ti kalendario a Gregoriano.
5. "Galileo Galilei" itie 1913 Katoliko nga Ensiklopedia. babaen ni John Gerard. Naala idi 11 Agosto 2007
6. Singer, Charles (1941). "Ti Ababa a Pakasaritaan ti Siensia iti Maikasangapulo ket sian a Siglo". Clarendon Press: 217. {{cite journal}}: Makasapul ti dakamat journal iti |journal= (tulong)
7. Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). Ti Tao iti Milenio: Ti Naisalsalumina nga Impakto ni Galileo iti Pakasaritaan ti Lubong. iUniverse. p. 155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.
8. Finocchiaro (2007).
9. Isabelle Pantin (1999), "Ti Baro a Pilosopia ken dagiti Daan nga Ilem: Dagiti Aspeto ti Pagawatan ti Kopernikanismo iti Nabingbingay a Europa", Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 30: 237–262
10. Sharratt (1994, pp. 127–131), McMullin (2005a).
11. Finocchiaro (1997), p. 47.
12. Hilliam (2005), p. 96.
13. Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). Renasimiento ken Repormasion, 1500–1620: a. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.
14. Allan-Olney (1870)
15. John Gribbon. Ti Kumaduaan: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton ken ti Sarita ti Sientiko a Rebolusion. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 26
16. Sharratt (1994, pp. 17, 213)
17. John Gribbon. Ti Kumaduaan: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton ken ti Sarita ti Sientipiko a Rebolusion. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 42
18. Sobel (2000, p. 5) Kapitulio 1. Naiyarkibo 2000-05-10 iti Wayback Machine Naala idi 26 Agosto 2007. "Gaputa isu ket saana met nga inasawa ti ina ni Virginia, naipanunotanna a daytoy a babai ket saan a mabalin a makiasawa. Kalpasan ti maika-13 a kasangayanna, isu ket nangipatulod kaniana idiay Konbento iti San Matteo idiay Arcetri."
19. Pedersen, O. (24–27 Mayo 1984). "Relihion ni Galileo". Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co. pp. 75–102. Bibcode:1985gamf.conf...75P. {{cite conference}}: Di naikaskaso ti di ammo a parametro ti |booktitle=(maisingasing ti |book-title=) (tulong)

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