dị nro diatomite dị iche iche From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diatomaceous earth (/ ˌdaɪ.ətəˈmeɪʃəs/ DY-ə-tə-MAY-shəs), diatomite (/daɪˈætəmaɪt/ dy-AT-ə-myte), celite ma ọ bụ kieselgur/kieselguhr bụ ihe na-eme n'okike, dị nro, siliceous nke nwere sedimenti. a ga-akụtu ya ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ọcha na ntụ ntụ na-acha ọcha. Ọ nwere nha nha nke sitere na ihe karịrị 3 mm ruo ihe na-erughị 1 μm, mana ọ na-adịkarị 10 ruo 200 μm.[1] Dabere na granularity, ntụ ntụ a nwere ike inwe mmetụta abrasive, dị ka ntụ ntụ ntụ, ma nwee njupụta dị ala n'ihi nnukwu porosity ya. Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke ụwa diatomaceous akpọnwụ akpọnwụ bụ 80-90% silica, yana 2-4% alumina (nke a na-ekwukarị na mineral ụrọ), yana 0.5-2% iron oxide..[1]
Ala diatomaceous nwere ihe fossilized nke diatoms, ụdị microalgae siri ike.[1] A na-eji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka filtration, abrasive dị nro na ngwaahịa gụnyere metal polishes na ntanya eze, igwe ụmụ ahụhụ, absorbent maka mmiri mmiri, matting gị n'ụlọnga maka coatings, ike filler na rọba na roba, mgbochi mgbochi na plastic fim, porous nkwado maka chemical catalysts, awụba nwamba, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ọmụmụ coagulation, ihe na-eme ka dynamite kwụsie ike, ihe mkpuchi ọkụ, na ala maka osisi na osisi ndị nwere ite dị ka ọ dị na nka nke bonsai.[2][3] A na-ejikwa ya na chromatography gas juru n'ọnụ ogidi ndị e ji iko ma ọ bụ ígwè mee dị ka oge nkwụsị..
Ihe ọ bụla dị n'ala diatomaceous dị iche, ya na ngwakọta dịgasị iche iche nke ala diatomaceus dị ọcha jikọtara ya na ụrọ na mineral ndị ọzọ.[2] Diatoms dị na nkwakọba ihe ọ bụla nwere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke silica, dabere na ọnọdụ sedimentation, na ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị ọzọ (ụrọ, ájá, ntụ ọkụ), na afọ nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa ahụ (2" href="./Diagenesis" id="mwTQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis, silica (SiO2) dissolution / precipitation, diatoms ule ịka nká). Ụdị diatom nwekwara ike ịdị iche n'etiti ebe ndị a na-etinye ego. Ụdị diatom na-adabere na afọ na paleoecology nke nkwụnye ego ahụ. N'aka nke ya, ọdịdị nke diatom na-ekpebi site na ụdị ya.
Ọtụtụ nkwụnye ego na British Columbia, dị ka Red Lake Earth, sitere na oge Miocene ma nwee ụdị diatom nke a maara dị ka Melosira granulata. Diatom ndị a nwere obere ọdịdị globular. Nkwụnye ego nwere diatoms sitere n'oge a nwere ike inye ụfọdụ uru karịa ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, diatoms sitere n'oge Eocene adịghị arụ ọrụ n'ikike ha ịmịkọrọ mmiri n'ihi na ka diatoms ndị agadi na-emegharịghachi, obere pores ha na-ejupụta na silica..[3]
Diatomite na-emepụta site na mkpokọta nke silica amorphous (opal, ) nke nwụrụ anwụ diatoms (microscopic single-cell algae) na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri. Ihe fọdụrụnụ nwere mkpokoro abụọ yiri ibe ha ma ọ bụ frustules.[1] A na-ahụ diatomites mmiri na njikọ ya na ụdị nkume ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche iche mana diatomites lacustrine fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-ejikọta ya na nkume mgbawa. Diatomaceous chert nwere diatomite nke e ji silica mee.[4]
Diatoms na-enwe ike wepụ silica na mmiri nke na-erughị 1% juputara na silica amorphous (nchịkọta saturation (SI): -2). nkụda mmụọ ha na-anọgide na-agbaze n'ihi na ihe matriks organic gbara ha gburugburu. Ihe ndị na-emepụta ụrọ nwekwara ike ịmalite na nkụda mmụọ ma chebe ha pụọ na mgbaze na mmiri oké osimiri. Mgbe diatom nwụrụ, nkụda mmụọ na-ewepụ oyi akwa ya ma kpughee ya na mmiri oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, naanị 1% ruo 10% nke frutules na-adị ndụ ogologo oge ka e wee lie ya n'okpuru sediments na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-agbaze n'ime sediments. Naanị ihe dị ka 0.05% ruo 0.15% nke silica mbụ nke diatoms mepụtara ka echekwara na ndekọ sedimentary.[5]
N'afọ 1836 ma ọ bụ 1837, onye ọrụ ugbo Germany bụ Peter Kasten chọpụtara ala diatomaceous (German: Kieselgur) mgbe ọ na-agbanye olulu mmiri na ndagwurugwu ugwu Haußelberg, na Lüneburg Heath na North Germany.[6][7]
Ebe a na-ewepụta ihe na Lüneburg Heath bụ 1863-1994 Neuohe, ebe ebe nchekwa bụ:
| Ebe nchekwa | site na | na |
|---|---|---|
| Wiechel | 1871 | 1978 |
| Hützel | 1876 | 1969 |
| Hösseringen | 1880 c. 1880 | 1894 |
| Hammerstorf | 1880 c. 1880 | 1920 |
| Oberohe | 1884 | 1970 |
| Schmarbeck | 1896 | 1925 c. 1925 |
| Steinbeck | 1897 | 1928 |
| Breloh | 1907 | 1975 |
| Schwindebeck | 1913 | 1973 |
| Hetendorf | 1970 | 1994 |
Ihe ndị ahụ ruru mita 28 (92 n'ịdị arọ ma bụrụ ala diatomaceous mmiri dị ọcha. [citation needed]
Ruo Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmepụta ụwa niile nke ala diatomaceous sitere na mpaghara a. [citation needed]
Na Poland, a na-ahụ ala diatomaceous na Jawornik, ma mejupụtara ya na ọkpụkpụ diatomaceus (frustules). [8]
In Germany, diatomaceous earth was also extracted at Altenschlirf[9] on the Vogelsberg (Upper Hesse) and at Klieken (Saxony-Anhalt).
E nwere ala diatomaceous karịrị mita 6 (20 n'ịdị arọ na ebe nchekwa okike nke Soos na Czech Republic.[10]
A na-egwupụta ihe ndị dị na Isle of Skye, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Scotland, ruo n'afọ 1960. [11]
Na Colorado na Clark County, Nevada, United States, e nwere nkwụnye ego ruru ọtụtụ narị mita n'obosara n'ebe ụfọdụ. A na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na Sisquoc Formation na Santa Barbara County, California nso Lompoc na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke Southern California. Nke a bụ nnukwu ebe diatomite dị n'ụwa. A rụkwara ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'oké osimiri na Maryland, Virginia, Algeria na MoClay nke Denmark. Mmiri dị ọcha na-adị na Nevada, Oregon, Washington na California. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-emekwa na ọdọ mmiri interglacial n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, na Canada na Europe na Germany, France, Denmark na Czech Republic. Njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke diatomite deposits na volcanic deposits na-egosi na nnweta nke silica site na ntụ volcanic nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka nnukwu diatomite deposit.[12]
A na-ahụ ala diatomaceous mgbe ụfọdụ n'elu Ọzara. Nnyocha egosiwo na mbuze nke ala diatomaceous n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ (dị ka Bodélé Depression na Sahara) bụ otu n'ime isi iyi kachasị mkpa nke uzuzu na-emetụta ihu igwe na ikuku.[13]
Siliceous frustules nke diatoms na-agbakọta na ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ na nke na-acha nnu. Ụfọdụ peats na mucks nwere ọtụtụ frustules nke mere na ha nwere ike igwu ala. A chọtawo ọtụtụ n'ime ala diatomaceous nke Florida n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ American Diatomite, site na 1935 ruo 1946, nụchara ihe ruru tọn 145 kwa afọ site na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ha dị nso na Clermont, Florida. A kpọrọ nkụ ma kpọọ muck si n'ọtụtụ ebe na Lake County, Florida ọkụ iji mepụta ala diatomaceous.[14] A na-ewepụta ya na Lake Mývatn na Iceland.
A na-ejedebe ego azụmahịa nke diatomite na oge Tertiary ma ọ bụ Quaternary. A maara ihe ndị dị n'oge ochie site na oge Cretaceous, mana ha dị ala.[12]
A chọtara ebe ndị a na-etinye ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na New Zealand, mana igwu ala nke ebe ndị a ma ama na Foulden Maar n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, maka ntụgharị gaa na nri anụmanụ, adọtawo mmegide siri ike.[15]
Diatomaceous earth dị n'ahịa n'ọtụtụ usoro:
N'afọ 1866, Alfred Nobel chọpụtara na nitroglycerin nwere ike ime ka ọ kwụsie ike ma ọ bụrụ na a na-amịkọrọ ya na diatomite (kieselguhr na German). [16] Nke a mere ka ụgbọ njem na njikwa dị nchebe karịa nitroglycerin dị ọcha n'okpuru ụdị mmiri. Nobel nyere ikike nke ngwakọta a dị ka dynamite na 1867; a na-akpọkwa ngwakọta ahụ guhr dynamite na-ezo aka na kieselguhr.[17]
Onye injinia Celle, Wilhelm Berkefeld, ghọtara ikike Nke a diatomaceous iji nyochaa ma mepụta nzacha tubular (nke a maara dị ka kandụl nzacha) nke sitere na ala diatomaces.[18] N'oge ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Hamburg na 1892, e ji nzacha Berkefeld ndị a mee ihe nke ọma.A na-eji otu ụdị ala diatomaceous eme ihe dị ka ihe nzacha, ọkachasị maka ọdọ mmiri. Ọ nwere nnukwu oghere n'ihi na ọ nwere obere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala. A na-eji ala diatomaceous (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ aha akara ahịa dịka Celite) eme ihe na kemịkalụ dị ka enyemaka nzacha, iji mụbaa ọnụego na-agafe, ma nyochaa ezigbo ụmụ irighiri ihe ga-agafe ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nzacha. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe iji nyochaa mmiri, ọkachasị na usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na tankị azụ, na mmiri ndị ọzọ, dị ka biya na mmanya. Ọ pụkwara nzacha syrups, shuga, na mmanụ aṅụ n'ewepụghị ma ọ bụ gbanwee ụcha, ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ.
Ojiji kachasị ochie nke diatomite bụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma jiri ya mee ihe na ọgwụ ezé, metal polishes, na ụfọdụ mkpofu ihu.
Diatomite bara uru dị ka ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ n'ihi ihe abrasive na physico-sorptive Njirimara.[1] Ọmarịcha ntụ ntụ na-anabata lipids site na oyi akwa dị n'elu waxy nke exoskeleton nke ọtụtụ ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ; oyi akwa a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi na-egbochi mfu nke vepo mmiri site na ahụ ụmụ ahụhụ. Imebi oyi akwa na-eme ka ikuku nke mmiri si n'ahụ ha pụta, nke mere na ha na-akpọnwụ, na-egbukarị egbu.
Nke a na-arụkwa ọrụ megide gastropods ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ubi iji merie slugs. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na slugs bi na gburugburu mmiri, ịdị irè dị ala. A na-agwakọta ala diatomaceous mgbe ụfọdụ na ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo irè.
Ọdịdị nke diatoms dị n'ime nkwụnye ego egosighi na ọ na-emetụta ọrụ ha mgbe ọ na-abịa na adsorption nke lipids; Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ngwa, dị ka nke maka slugs na snails, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe ejiri diatom a kpụrụ akpụ, na-atụ aro na adsorption lipid abụghị naanị ihe metụtara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe banyere slugs na snails, nnukwu, spiny diatoms na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma iji merụọ epithelium nke mollusk. Diatom shells ga-arụ ọrụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-agafe ecdysis na cuticle, dị ka arthropods ma ọ bụ nematodes. O nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta ndị ọzọ na lophotrochozoans, dị ka Mollusks ma ọ bụ annelids.
A mụọla diatomite dị n'ọgwụ maka ịdị irè ya dị ka ihe na-ewepụworm n'ụmụ ehi; na nyocha abụọ ahụ kwuru na ìgwè ndị a na-agwọ na ala diatomaceous emeghị nke ọma karịa ìgwè nchịkwa.[19][20] A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọnọdụ boric acid ma nwee ike iji ya nyere aka ịchịkwa ma eleghị anya kpochapụ ụmụ ahụhụ bed, ụmụ ahụhụ ájá ụlọ, cockroach, ndanda, na flea infestations. [21][22]
A na-eji ala diatomaceous eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ na nchekwa ọka.[23] A na-eji ya achịkwa omume cannibalistic na ụkwara ụkwara, nke na-emetụta ụkwara ụyọkọ.
Iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, a ghaghị ime ka ala diatomaceous ghara ịgba ọkụ (ya bụ, a gaghị agwọ ya n'okpomọkụ tupu etinye ya n'ọrụ) [24] ma nwee oke nke dị n'okpuru ihe dị ka 12 μm (ya bụ، ọkwa nri - lee n'okpuru).
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ize ndụ dị ala, ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ala diatomaceous anaghị ewepụ ya na iwu na United States n'okpuru Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ma ga-edebanye aha na Environmental Protection Agency.[25]
Its thermal properties enable it to be used as the barrier material in some fire-resistant safes. [Tinye edensibịa] [citation needed] It is also used in evacuated powder insulation for use with cryogenics. Diatomaceous earth powder is inserted into the vacuum space to aid in the effectiveness of vacuum insulation. It was used in the classical AGA cookers as a thermal heat barrier. [Tinye edensibịa]
Diatomaceous earth na-enwetakwa ụfọdụ uru dị ka nkwado maka catalysts, n'ozuzu na-arụ ọrụ iji bulie elu na ọrụ nke catalyst. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịkwado nickel na ihe ahụ - a na-akpọ njikọta ahụ Ni-Kieselguhr - iji melite ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-akpali hydrogenation.[26]
A na-eji ụwa diatomaceous mmiri dị ọcha eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo maka nchekwa ọka dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịchacha, yana ọgwụ ahụhụ.[1] Ndị nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ akwadoro ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri[2] iji gbochie caking. [27][28]
Ụfọdụ kwenyere na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka anthelmintic (dewormer), ọ bụ ezie na nnyocha egosighi na ọ dị irè.[19][20] Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agbakwunye ya na anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ ha iji gbochie nri ha.[29] "Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth" dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ahịa nri ugbo.
Enwere ike iji diatomite mmiri dị ọcha mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eto eto n'ogige hydroponic.
AA na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto n'ime ihe ọkụkụ, karịsịa dị ka ala bonsai. Ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi Bonsai na-eji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye ala, ma ọ bụ ite osisi bonsai na 100% diatomaceous earth. N'ime ugbo akwukwo nri, a na-eji ya eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-edozi ala, n'ihi na dị ka perlite, vermiculite, na ụrọ gbasaa, ọ na-ejigide mmiri na nri nri, ebe ọ na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa na n'efu, na-enye ohere ikuku oxygen dị elu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto.
A na-eji ala diatomaceous kpọrọ nkụ, nke a na-ejighị ọkụ eme ihe mgbe niile na nyocha nri anụ ụlọ dị ka isi iyi nke ntụ acid-insoluble (AIA), nke a na'eji dị ka ihe na-adịghị agbari agbari. Site n'ịtụle ihe dị n'ime AIA gbasara ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na nri nnwale na nsị ma ọ bụ digesta nke sitere na ileum ikpeazụ (otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke obere eriri afọ) enwere ike ịgbakọ pasent nke ihe ndị na'ime ihe ndị a na-edochi ahụ site na iji usoro ndị a: ebe: Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ahọrọ ala diatomaceous nke mmiri dị ọcha karịa chromic oxide, nke ejirila mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka otu nzube ahụ, nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe a ma ama na-akpata ọrịa kansa na, ya mere, ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ịbịara ndị ọrụ nyocha.
Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ala diatomaceous a na-emefu site na usoro ịṅụ mmanya na ụrọ maka mmepụta brik na-acha ọbara ọbara nke nwere oghere dị elu.[30]
A na-ewere ala diatomaceous dị ka ihe a ma ama na-abụghị ígwè nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe maka mmepụta nke ceramics dị iche iche, gụnyere mmepụta nke porous ceramics n'okpuru teknụzụ hydrothermal dị ala.[31]
A na-eji ala diatomaceous eme ihe na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ụlọ ebe akpọnwụ ma ọ bụ ikike iwepụ mmiri dị oke mkpa. Karịsịa, e nwere ihe ịsa ahụ e ji DE mee nke na-amị mmiri site na onye ịsa ahụ ma kwe ka ọ gbasaa ihe ahụ ma pụọ ngwa ngwa. E nwekwara spoons e ji DE mee maka ịnakọta shuga na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mmiri.
Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ dị n'oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọnụego nke ịgbaze silica na diatoms nwụrụ anwụ na ndị dị ndụ site na iji hydrolytic enzymes mebie ihe algal.[32][33]
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ụwa na-emetụta uzuzu dị na ikuku, yabụ ịchọta isi iyi nke uzuzu ikuku dị mkpa maka ihu igwe. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ihe ndị dị n'elu ala diatomaceous na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. Nnyocha na-egosi na nnukwu uzuzu sitere na Bodélé Depression na Chad, ebe oké ifufe na-ebugharị gravel diatomite n'elu dunes, na-emepụta uzuzu site na abrasion.[34]
Mmetụta nke crystalline silica na-emerụ akpa ume, na-akpata silicosis. A na-ewere silica amorphous dị ka nke nwere obere nsị, mana iku ume ogologo oge na-akpata mgbanwe na akpa ume.[35] Diatomaceous earth bụ ihe na-enweghị isi silica mana o nwere ụfọdụ crystalline silica, ọkachasị n'ụdị mmiri nnu.[36] N'ime nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1978 banyere ndị ọrụ, ndị na-ahụ ala diatomaceous ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise enweghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'akpa ume ebe 40% nke ndị na-ekpughe ụdị ọkụ ahụ nwere ọrịa oyi.[37] Usoro ụwa diatomaceous nke taa dị nchebe iji mee ihe, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-ejikarị silica amorphous ma nwee obere ma ọ bụ enweghị silica crystalline.[38]
A na-achịkwa ihe dị n'ime ala diatomaceous na United States site na Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ma enwere ntuziaka sitere na National Institute for Occupational Security and Health nke setịpụrụ oke ego a kwadoro na ngwaahịa (1%) na ikuku dị nso na mpaghara iku ume nke ndị ọrụ, yana oke ngosi a tụrụ aro na 6 mg / m3 n'ime ụbọchị ọrụ 8.[38] OSHA setịpụrụ oke ikpughe maka ala diatomaceous dị ka 2 mppcf (80 mg/m3/%SiO2). Na ọkwa nke 3,000 mg / m3, ala diatomaceous dị ize ndụ ozugbo maka ndụ na ahụike.[39]
N'afọ ndị 1930, a chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ala cristobalite diatomaceous bụ ndị a kpughere na ọkwa dị elu nke silica crystalline ikuku n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke silicosis.[40]
A na-eji okpomọkụ dị elu (calcination) na ihe na-agbapụta mmiri (soda ash), na-eme ka silicon dioxide na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na-ewere ọdịdị kristal ya.[38]
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