Tiv language

Tiv bụ asụsụ Tivoid a na-asụ na steeti ụfọdụ dị iche iche na North Central Nigeria, na ụfọdụ ndị na-asụrụ ya na obodo Cameroon. O nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise na-ekwu okwu na 2020. A na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tiv na Benue steeti na obodo Naịjirịa. A na-asụkwa asụsụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ steeti Plateau, Taraba, Nasarawa na Cross River nakwa FCT Abuja nke obodo naijiria. Ọ bụ nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime asụsụ Tivoid, otu asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị dị na Southern Bantoid

asụsụ, modern language

obere ụdị nke	Tivoid, Niger–Congo
mba/obodo	Kameroon, Naijiria
usoro ederede	Latin script
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	3 Nkwukọrịta sara mbara

Asụsụ tiv

ndi Tiv

Asụsụ

Tiv enweghị olumba. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tiv nwere ike ịghọta ibe ha n'ókèala ha. Otú ọ dị, ụda olu (ham) dị.^[1]

Ndị n'asụ Tiv

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Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụedemede

Mkpụrụedemede dị mkpirikpi

	N'ihu	Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ	i	u
N'etiti	e	ɔ
Emeghe	a	ɒ

Mkpụrụedemede dị ogologo

	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi
Ihe dị nso	ɪː		ʊː
N'etiti			oː
Mepee n'etiti		ɜː	ɔː
Emeghe		aː

• A na-eji ụdaume eme ụdaume tupu ụdaume imi.
• /a/ can be freely heard as [æ̃] or [ɑ̃] before a nasal consonant.

Mkpụrụ okwu

		Akụkụ abụọ	Ezé egbugbere ọnụ<br id="mwdA"><br><br><br>	Alveolar	Ọkpụkpụ akpịrị<br id="mweQ"><br><br><br>	Palatal	Velar			Ọkụ
							ala dị larịị	<small id="mwhQ">ụlọ nyocha</small>	pal.
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p		t			k	kʷ	kʲ
	kwuru okwu	b		d			ɡ	ɡʷ	ɡʲ
	Nwanyị na-agba agba	ᵐb		ⁿd
Africate	enweghị olu			t͡s	t͡ʃ		k͡p
	kwuru okwu			(d͡z)	d͡ʒ		ɡ͡b
	Nwanyị na-agba agba			ⁿd͡z
Ihe na-esiri ike	enweghị olu		f	s	ʃ		(x)			h
	kwuru okwu		v	z			ɣ
Ụgbọ imi		m	(ɱ)	n		ɲ	ŋ
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ				r
Ihe atụ		w		l		j

• /ɣ/ is heard phonetically as [x], but is often voiced as [ɣ].
• [ɱ] is heard in free variation in word-final positions.
• [d͡z] occurs in other dialects.^[2]

Ụda

Tiv nwere ụda atọ (atọ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-agụ na-ebili ma na-ada dị ka ụda dị iche iche kama ịbụ ụda dị ugbu a). A na-eji ha eme ihe kachasị mkpa na ntụgharị.^[1]

Akụkụ olu nke Tiv bụ ndị a:

• Ityoisha, nke a na-asụ n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, bụ nke a ma ama maka ikwubiga okwu ókè nke ụdaume.
• Shitile, nke ọtụtụ ndị Tiv na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Katsina Ala, o doro anya na ọ na-ada ụda nke ọma karịa ụdaume ndị ọzọ nke Tiv na ụdaume mkparị n'ime ụdaume ha dị nso.
• Iharev, nke na-enye ụdaume [r]~[l]
• Kparev, nke a na-asụ n'etiti na ndịda etiti;
  • Kunav, nke dị n'okpuru Kparev, nke a maara maka mmasị ya maka ụda [d͡ʒ] ebe ndị ọzọ Kparev na-eji [d͡ʒ].^[1]

Okwu, ọkachasị aha osisi na ngwá ọrụ, na-agbanwe site n'otu akụkụ nke ókèala Tiv gaa na nke ọzọ.^[1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkewa

Koelle (1854) kwuru okwu mbụ banyere asụsụ Tiv (dzwa Tiv) site n'aka ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ na Sierra Leone.^[3] Johnston (1919) kewara ya dị ka asụsụ pụrụ iche n'etiti asụsụ Semi-Bantu, na Talbot (1926) kwetara. Abraham (1933), onye mere ọmụmụ asụsụ zuru oke nke Tiv, kewara ya dị ka Bantu, na-ekwu na okwu ya yiri nke East African Nyanza nke asụsụ Bantu karịa Ekoi ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ gbara agbata obi. Malherbe (1933) kwenyere na Abraham na Tiv bụ n'ezie Bantu.^[1]

Ihe niile dị na Tiv yiri ka ọ na-egosi mgbasawanye na nso nso a, ikekwe na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na ise.^[4]

Ọdịdị

Tiv nwere klas aha itoolu.^[1]

Hụkwa

• Ndị obodo Tiv
• Ate-u-tiv, ụlọ ọdịnala Tiv eji eme oriri na nnọkọ

Edensibia

1. Bohannan (2017-02-03). "Language", The Tiv of Central Nigeria: Western Africa (in en). Routledge. ISBN 9781315295794.
2. Sokpo (2016). An Autosegmental Analysis of Tiv Phonology.
3. Bohannan (3 February 2017). The Tiv of Central Nigeria: Western Africa Part VIII. ISBN 9781315295794.
4. Blench (June 2016). The Tivoid languages: overview and comparative wordlist.

• R.C.Abraham, A Dictionary of the Tiv Language, Gọọmentị nke Naịjirịa 1940, nke Gregg Press Ltd., Farnborough, Hants., England bipụtara ọzọ 1968.  ISBN 0576116157

Njikọ mpụga

• Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Tiv-English
• PanAfrican L10n peeji na Tiv

Ihe ndị e ji okpukpe mee

• Vidio na faịlụ ọdịyo, New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures Released na ihe ọmụmụ Bible ndị ọzọ n'asụsụ Tiv site n'aka Ndịàmà Jehova
• Bible n'asụsụ tiv
• Oziọma
• Ihe nkiri Jizọs na tiv