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Ralph Johnson Bunche (/bʌntʃ/; ógọst 7, 1904 - December 9, 1971) bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 na usoro ikike obodo US, onye natara onyinye Nobel Peace Prize nke 1950 maka ntinye aka ya na Israel. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na onye mbụ sitere n'Afrịka ka e nyere ihe nrite Nóbel. O tinyere aka n'ịmepụta na mmalite nchịkwa nke United Nations (UN), ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro decolonization na ọtụtụ ọrụ udo nke UN.
Ralph Bunche | |
|---|---|
 Bunche at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom | |
| Born | Ralph Johnson Bunche 7 Ọgọstụ 1904 |
| Died | 9 Disemba 1971 (aged 67) New York City, U.S. |
| Education | University of California, Los Angeles (BA) Howard University (MA) Harvard University (PhD) |
| Known for | Mediation in Israel Nobel Peace Prize (1950) |
| Children | 3 |
| Relatives | Ralph J. Bunche III (grandchild) |
| Signature | |
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Bunche jere ozi na ndị nnọchi anya US na Dumbarton Oaks Conference na 1944 na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na International Organisation na 1945 bụ ndị depụtara akwụkwọ ikike UN. Mgbe ahụ, ọ jere ozi na ndị nnọchiteanya America na nnọkọ mbụ nke United Nations General Assembly na 1946 wee sonye na UN dịka onye isi nke Ngalaba Ntụkwasị Obi, malite ogologo usoro nhazi nsogbu na ọrụ ndị metụtara decolonization. Na 1948, Bunche ghọrọ onye ogbugbo maka Middle East, na-akparịta ụka n'etiti Egypt na Israel. Maka ihe ịga nke ọma a, e nyere ya Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 1950.
Bunche gara n'ihu na-eje ozi na UN, na-arụ ọrụ na ọgba aghara na Sinai (1956), Kongo (1960), Yemen (1963), Saịprọs (1964) na Bahrain na 1970, na-akọ ozugbo na odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN. Ọ chịziri otu ọmụmụ ihe na-ahụ maka akụ mmiri na Middle East. N'afọ 1957, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pụrụ iche, na-enwe nnukwu ọrụ maka ọrụ nchekwa udo. N'afọ 1965, Bunche na-ahụ maka nkwụsị ọkụ na-eso agha dị n'etiti India na Pakistan. Ọ lara ezumike nká na UN na June 1971, nwụọ ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị.
N'afọ 1963, Onye isi ala John F. Kennedy nyere ya ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe onye. [1] Na UN, Bunche nwetara aha ọma nke na magazin Ebony kwupụtara na ọ bụ ma eleghị anya onye Africa America kachasị nwee mmetụta na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 na "[f] ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri, ọ bụ onye Africa America a ma ama n'oge ya ma [na US] na mba ofesi. "[2]
A mụrụ Bunche na Detroit, Michigan na 1904 wee mee baptizim na Ụka Baptist nke Abụọ. Mgbe Ralph bụ nwata, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Toledo, Ohio, bụ́ ebe nna ya chọrọ ọrụ. Ha laghachiri na Detroit na 1909 mgbe a mụsịrị nwanne ya nwanyị Grace, site n'enyemaka nke nwanne nne ha, Ethel Johnson. Nna ha esoghị ezinaụlọ ahụ ebi ọzọ ka Ohio gachara, ọ bụghịkwa “ezigbo onye na-enye ya”. Edi enye ama etiene mmọ ke ini mmọ ẹkewọrọde ẹka New Mexico.
N’ihi ahụ́ ike nke nne ya na nwanne nna ya na-adalata, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Albuquerque, New Mexico, na 1915. Nne ya, “nwanyị nwere mmasị n’egwú bụ́ onye nyere ọtụtụ ihe n’ihe nwa ya nwoke kpọrọ ezinụlọ ‘na-eji echiche na echiche na-ejupụta’” , nwụrụ na 1917 site na ụkwara nta, [1] na nwanne nna ya obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.[2] Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bunche bụ nne nne ya, Lucy Taylor Johnson zụlitere, onye o kwuru na ọ kụnyere n'ime ya mpako ya n'agbụrụ ya na nkwenye onwe ya.[3]
N'afọ 1918, Lucy Taylor Johnson na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ Bunche kwagara na mpaghara South Central nke Los Angeles. [4][5]
Bunche bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi, onye na-arụrịta ụka, onye na'eme egwuregwu na onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ nke klas ya na Jefferson High School. Ọ gara Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ summa cum laude na Phi Beta Kappa [6] na 1927 dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ nke klas ya. N'iji ego obodo ya nwetara maka ọmụmụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1][7]
Bunche nwetara nzere masta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1928 yana doctorate na 1934, mgbe ọ na-akụzi na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Howard, kọleji ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1]. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị chọrọ doctoral ịmalite nkuzi tupu ha agụchaa akwụkwọ edemede ha. Ọ bụ onye mbụ Afrịka America nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mahadum America. Akwụkwọ edemede Bunche nke 1934, "Nchịkwa French na Togoland na Dahomey", nwetara ihe nrite Toppan maka akwụkwọ edemede kacha mma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ntụnyere na Ngalaba Gọọmenti na Mahadum Harvard.[2]. Akwụkwọ nta ahụ nyochara usoro iwu nke Njikọ Mba, na-arụ ụka na usoro ahụ enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na alaeze ukwu. [1] [8]
Site na 1936 ruo 1938, Ralph Bunche gụrụ Anthropology ma mee nnyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Northwestern [9] na Evanston, Illinois, na London School of Economics (LSE), ma mesịa na Mahaduma Cape Town na South Africa.[10]
O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, A World View of Race, na 1936, na-arụ ụka na "agbụrụ bụ echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke nwere ike ịbụ ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji mee ka mmetụta ihe dị mma maka ịzụlite ajọ mbunobi nke otu. " N'afọ 1940, Bunche jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchọpụta na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na Sweden bụ Gunnar Myrdal'ihe ọmụmụ ihe dị ịrịba ama banyere agbụrụ na US, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . [11][and]
N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ (1928-1950), Bunche jere ozi dịka onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Sayensị Ọchịchị na Mahadum Howard, ebe ọ kụzikwara. Ọzọkwa, o nyere aka na Howard School of International Relations na ọrụ ya gbasara mmetụta ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na alaeze ukwu nwere na usoro akụ na ụba ụwa na mmekọrịta mba ụwa.[12]
A họpụtara Bunche ka ọ bụrụ onye American Philosophical Society n'afọ 1950. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ a nabatara n'ime Society kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya na 1743. [13] N'afọ 1953-54, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke American Political Science Association . [14] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Board of Overseers nke alma mater ya, Mahadum Harvard (1960-1965), dị ka onye so na bọọdụ nke Institute of International Education, yana dị ka onye nlekọta nke Oberlin College, Mahadum Lincoln, na New Lincoln School.
Na 1941–43, Bunche rụrụ ọrụ na Office of Strategic Services (OSS), ọrụ ọgụgụ isi oge agha, dịka onye nyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Colonial Affairs. Na 1943, e zigara ya na OSS na State Department. A họpụtara ya Associate Chief of Division of Dependent Area Affairs n'okpuru Alger Hiss. Ya na Hiss, Bunche ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi nke Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR). O tinyere aka na nhazi mbido maka United Nations na Nzukọ San Francisco nke 1945. Na 2008, US National Archives and Records Administration wepụtara PDF dị peeji 51 nke ndekọ OSS ya, nke dị na ịntanetị.[15]
N'ihe dị ka ngwụcha Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na 1944, Bunche sonyere na atụmatụ maka United Nations na Dumbarton Oaks Conference, nke emere na Washington, D.C. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nye ndị nnọchi anya US maka Charter Conference nke United Nations nke emere n'afọ 1945, mgbe edere akwụkwọ na-achịkwa. Ya na First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Bunche nyere aka n'ịmepụta na ịnabata Universal Declaration of Human Rights na 1948. Bunche gbara ndị Africa America ume ka ha were ọnọdụ UN. "Ndị isi ojii kwesịrị ịrụsi ọrụ ike ma kwadebe iji nweta ụfọdụ ọrụ na United Nations, "ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ. "A ga-enwe ụdị ọrụ niile na ndị Negro kwesịrị ịnwa inweta ọrụ na ọkwa niile. Ụfọdụ nzukọ kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ na nke a ugbu a. "[16]
Dị ka akwụkwọ United Nations "Ralph Bunche: Visionary for Peace", si kwuo, n'ime afọ iri abụọ na ise ọ jere ozi na United Nations, ọ
Bunche nyere aka n'ịkwụsị ọchịchị colonial. Ọrụ ya iji kwụsị ọchịchị colonial malitere n'isi mmalite nke ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, n'oge ahụ ọ tolitere ghọọ onye ọkà mmụta na-ahụ maka mmetụta nke colonialism na ndị a na-achị n'okpuru ọchịchị, wee malite mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ọchịchị colonial na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi. sitere na Caribbean na Africa, karịsịa n'oge nyocha ihe ubi ya na oge ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Economics nke London. Bunche kọwara amụma akụ na ụba n'ime obodo na iwu dị ka ihe na-erigbu mmadụ, ma kwuo na ndị ọchịchị colonial na-akọwahie ụdị ọchịchị ha.[1] Ọ rụrụ ụka na Kọmishọna Mandates na-adịgide adịgide chọrọ ikike ịgbasawanye iji nyochaa ka e si chịkwaa iwu ndị ahụ[17]
Ọrụ Bunche na decolonization nwere mmetụta site na ọrụ Raymond Leslie Buell. Otú ọ dị, Bunche ekwenyeghị na Buell na uru nke ọchịchị ndị Britain na ndị France. Bunche kwuru na ọchịchị ndị Britain abụghị nke na-aga n'ihu - ọchịchị ndị Britain bụ nke nna na-eme nke ọma na ndị ọcha na-eme ka ọ dị njọ.[17]
Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Susan Pedersen na-akọwa Bunche dị ka "onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" nke ọchịchị United Nations's trusteeship.[1] Bunche bụ onye isi odee nke isiakwụkwọ dị na akwụkwọ ikike UN gbasara ókèala na-anaghị ekpebi onwe ya na onye nnọchi anya.[2] O mechara bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba Trusteeship nke UN.[2][18]
Malite na 1947, Bunche tinyere aka na ịgbalị idozi esemokwu Arab-Israel na Palestine. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka na Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Palestine, ma mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN Palestine Commission. Na 1948, ọ gara Middle East dị ka onye isi na-enyere aka na Sweden Count Folke Bernadotte, onye UN họpụtara ka ọ dozie esemokwu ahụ. Ndị ikom a họọrọ àgwàetiti Rhodes maka isi ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ha. Na Septemba 1948, ndị otu ndị Juu Lehi nọ n'okpuru ala gburu Bernadotte na Jerusalem, bụ nke Yitzhak Shamir duziri wee kpọọ ndị otu ya dị ka ndị na-eyi ọha egwu [1] ma kweta na ha mere mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu.ndị na-eyi ọha egwu [19] [20]
Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, Bunche ghọrọ onye isi ogbugbo nke UN; ọ duziri mkparịta ụka niile n'ọdịnihu na Rhodes. Onye-nnọchi-anya Israel bu Moses Dayan; ọ kọrọ na memoirs na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparita uka ya na Bunche mere n'elu tebụl billiard mgbe ha abụọ nọ na-agbapụ ọdọ mmiri. N'iji nchekwube, Bunche nyere onye ọkpụite obodo ọrụ ka o mepụta epekele ncheta pụrụ iche nke bu aha onye mkparita uka ọ bụla. Mgbe ha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ahụ, Bunche nyere onyinye ndị a. Mgbe ọ kpughechara nke ya, Dayan jụrụ Bunche ihe nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla. Bunche zara, "Agara m agbaji efere ndị ahụ n'elu isi unu jọrọ njọ." Maka imezu nkwekọrịta Armistice nke 1949, Bunche nwetara Nrite Nobel Peace na 1950.[1][2] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka United Nations, na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ esemokwu tisasịrị, gụnyere Congo, Yemen, Kashmir, na Saịprọs. A họpụtara Bunche n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations na 1968. Mgbe ọ nọ na UN, Bunche nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na enyi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Ambassador Charles W. Yost, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ na nzukọ ntọala UN.
Bunche na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndị ojii n'ime ụbọchị ya tupu United Nations, gụnyere site n'ọkwá ọchịchị na òtù dị iche iche na-ahụ maka ikike obodo yana dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta na-eduga n'okwu gbasara agbụrụ na US na colonialism na mba ọzọ. N'oge ya na United Nations, Bunche nọgidere na-akwado ụda olu nke US Civil Rights Movement n'agbanyeghị na koodu na-achịkwa ndị ọrụ obodo na-egbochi ọrụ ya. O sonyere na March 1963 na Washington, ebe Martin Luther King Jr. kwuru okwu "Enwere m nrọ" ya, na kwa, na-aga n'akụkụ ya na Eze, na Selma na Montgomery March na 1965, bụ nke nyere aka na ngafe nke njem ahụ. Iwu ikike ntuli aka nke 1965 na mmanye gọọmentị etiti nke ikike ịtụ vootu.[1] N'ihi ọrụ ya na oge tupu agha, Bunche bụ isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Na-adịghị na America. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ onye ọchịchị Kọmunist ma ọ bụ Marxist, na n'ezie a wakporo nnukwu mwakpo site na pro-Soviet press n'oge ọrụ ya.[21]
Bunche bi na mpaghara Kew Gardens nke Queens, New York, n'ụlọ ejiri ego Nrite Nobel zụrụ, site na 1953 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.[1] Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere agba, Bunche gara n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ofe United States na mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara ya. Na 1959, a jụrụ ya na nwa ya nwoke, Ralph, Jr., ịbụ onye otu na West Side Tennis Club na mpaghara Forest Hills nke Queens.[2] Mgbe ndị nta akụkọ nyechara mbipụta a nke mba, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ndị Bunches mgbaghara na òkù nke ịbụ otuOnye ọchịchị ahụ jụrụ ha gbara arụkwaghịm. Bunche jụrụ onyinye a, na-ekwu na ọ bụghị n'ihi nhata agbụrụ na ọ bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ dabere na ugwu onwe ya.[1] N'oge ọrụ UN ya, Bunche jụrụ nhọpụta site n'aka ndị isi oche Harry Truman na John Kennedy, n'ihi iwu Jim Crow ka na-arụ ọrụ na Washington, DC Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme John Hope Franklin kwadoro ya na "ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke ndu n'etiti ndị Africa-America" n'ihi n'ikike ya pụrụ iche "iwere ike na ugwu ọ chịkọbara ... iji dozie nsogbu nke obodo ya".[3]
Bunche katọrọ Ọgba aghara Watts, nke dugara na nkatọ sitere n'aka ndị ike ojii. O weere nkatọ ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike ma mgbe nwa ya nwanyị gburu onwe ya bịara nwee ọmịiko maka ọgba aghara ahụ, na-akpọ ha ịjụ ikike na-ezighị ezi.[22]
Mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Mahadum Howard na 1928, Bunche zutere Ruth Harris, onye bụ onye nkuzi klas nke mbụ na Washington, D.C.[1] Ha mechara malite ịhụ ibe ha wee lụọ na June 23, 1930. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ atọ: Joan Harris Bunche (1931–2015), Jane Johnson Bunche (1933–1966), na Ralph J. Bunche, Jr. (1943–2016). [2] Nwa nwa ya, Ralph J. Bunche III, bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ndị Na-adịghị anọchi anya ya, bụ òtù mba ụwa nke e guzobere iji kwado olu nke mba na ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile na-abụghị ndị nnọchiteanya na ndị a na-akpapụ iche.
Na Ọktoba 9, 1966, nwa ha nwanyị Jane Bunche Pierce dara ma ọ bụ wụpụ site n'elu ụlọ ya na Riverdale, Bronx; e kwenyere na ọnwụ ya bụ igbu onwe ya. Ọ hapụghị akwụkwọ ozi ọ bụla. Ya na di ya Burton Pierce, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cornell na onye isi ọrụ, nwere ụmụ atọ. Ụlọ ha dị na okpukpu nke mbụ nke ụlọ ahụ.[23]
Bunche gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na UN n'ihi ọrịa ahụ, mana ekwuputaghị nke a, dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu U Thant tụrụ anya na ọ ga-enwe ike ịlaghachi n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ahụ́ ike ya adịkwaghị mma, Bunche wee nwụọ na Disemba 9, 1971, n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa obi, ọrịa akụrụ, na ọrịa shuga. Ọ dị afọ 67. [1] E liri ya na ili Woodlawn na Bronx, New York City.
E depụtara ọtụtụ ebe obibi Bunche na National Register of Historic PlacesNdepụta Mba nke Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme
| Aha ya | Ebe | Afọ Ndị O biri | Ihe edeturu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ụlọ Ralph J. Bunche | Los Angeles, Cal. | 1919?–1928? | Ọzọkwa ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị Los Angeles. |
| Ụlọ Ralph Bunche | Washington, D.C. | 1941–1947 | E wuru ya maka Bunche.[36] |
| Obodo Parkway | Queens, NY | 1947–1952 | Ụlọ obibi e wuru maka ndị ọrụ UN.[1][36] |
| Ụlọ Ralph Johnson Bunche | Queens, NY | 1952–1971 | Ọzọkwa National Historic Landmark na New York City designated landmark.[1][36] |
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