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[1] na-atụle carbon monoxide () na carbon dioxide (CO2) site na infrared na-adịghị agbasa agbasa (NDIR) na-amịkọrọ ìhè dabere na Iwu Beer-Lambert. [2] pụkwara ịlele CO site na iji ihe mmetụta gel electrochemical na ihe nchọpụta semiconductor metal-oxide (MOS). [1]
[3] na-atụle ozone (O3) site n'ịhụ oke ìhè nke ikuku ikuku na-amị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ozone na-amịkwu ìhè dịka iwu Beer-Lambert si dị.
A na-atụle ndị a site na iji gas chromatography na flame ionization (GC-FID). [4]
[5][6] ike ịlele Hydrocarbon site na gas chromatography na flame ionization detectors. A na-egosipụta ha mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke methane (CH4), NMHC (hydrocarbons na-abụghị methane), na THC (ngụkọta hydrocarbon) (ebe THC bụ ngụkọta nke CH4 na NMHC). [6]
[7] ike ịlele Ammoniya (NH3) site na ụzọ dị iche iche gụnyere chemiluminescence.
A pụkwara inyocha mmetọ ikuku n'ụzọ dị mma site n'ịhụ mmetụta nke ikuku mmetọ na osisi ndị na-eto eto dị ka lichens na mosses (ihe atụ nke Biomonitoring).[8][9][10] Ụfọdụ ọrụ s[11] ejirila osisi ndị a na-akụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dịka strawberries.
A na-egosipụtakarị ọnụọgụ nke mmetọ dị na ikuku dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke a na-atụle n'akụkụ ọ bụla (na-abụkarị akụkụ ọ bụla na ijeri, ppb, ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọ bụla, ppm, nke a makwaara dị ka ọnụego ngwakọta), ma ọ bụ micrograms kwa cubic mita (μg / m3). [12] dịtụ mfe ịgbanwe otu n'ime nkeji ndị a n'ime nke ọzọ, na-eburu n'uche ịdị arọ dị iche iche nke gas dị iche iche na okpomọkụ na nrụgide ha.
Ngalaba ndị a na-egosipụta oke mmetọ ikuku n'ihe gbasara oke ma ọ bụ oke nke mmetọ ahụ, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe maka ịtụle mmetọ gas abụọ, dị ka nitrogen dioxide, na ihe siri ike (PM10) na obere (PM2.5). Nlele ọzọ maka ụmụ irighiri ihe, ọnụọgụ ụmụ irighari, na-egosipụta nkenke n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ irighri kwa ikuku kama, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ bara uru iji nyochaa mmerụ ahụike nke ụmụ irigheri ihe na-egbu egbu (PM0.1, ihe na-erughị 0.1 μm n'obosara).[13][14] [15] ike iji ngwá ọrụ [16] ka condensation particle counters tụọ ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe.
A na-agbakọ ụkpụrụ nke ikuku n'obodo (AQI) site na ijikọta ma ọ bụ jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "ikuku" nke mmetọ ikuku nkịtị (nke a na-ahụkarị ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, na ma nke dị mma na nke siri ike) iji mepụta otu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe nghọta (ma na-enwekarị akara). [17]
A tụrụ mmetọ ikuku nke mbụ, na Britain, na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. N'afọ 1852, onye na-emepụta kemịkalụ na Scotland bụ Robert Angus Smith chọpụtara (ma kpọọ aha) Mmiri ozuzo acid mgbe ọ chịkọtara mmiri ozuzo nke nwere nnukwu sulphur site na ọkụ coal. Dabere na usoro iheomume nke mmetọ ikuku nke David Fowler na ndị ọrụ ibe ya, Smith bụ "onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ nwara multisite, nyocha mmetọ nke kemịkalụ nke ikuku mmetọ". [18]
Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, onye dọkịta Irish na onye injinia gburugburu ebe obibi John Switzer Owens na Kọmitii maka nyocha nke mmetọ ikuku, nke ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ya, gara n'ihu n'ịtụle na nlekota nke mmetụ ikuku site na iji netwọk nke ihe nyocha. [19] mepụtara ọtụtụ ụzọ ọhụrụ iji tụọ mmetọ.
Na Disemba 1952, Nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke London kpatara ọnwụ nke mmadụ 12,000. [20] Ihe omume [21], na ndị yiri ya dị ka ọdachi anwụrụ ọkụ Donora nke 1948 na United States, [1] ghọrọ otu n'ime nnukwu mgbanwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha wetara echiche dị egwu na nchịkwa mmetọ. [22] UK, nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke London na-eduga kpọmkwem na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu karịa ka ọ bu n'obi na mbụ. Ihe omume ọdachi [18] ka nke a mere ka a tụọ ma chịkwaa mmetọ nke ọma.
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