IEEE-488

IEEE 488  bụ nkwukọrịta dijitalụ dị mkpirikpi 8-bit parallel multi-master interface bus specification mepụtara site Hewlett-Packard dị ka HP-IB (Hewlett-Paxard Interface Bus). O mechara bụrụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ, a makwaara ya dịka GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus).

IEEE 488 stacking connectors 

communication protocol

obere ụdị nke	electrical signal connector, external computer connector
Oge/afọ mmalite	1965
standards body	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEEE-488

Ọ bụ ezie na e mepụtara bọs ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1960 iji jikọta ngwá ọrụ nnwale na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, ọ nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge afọ 1970 na 1980 dị ka bọs dịpụrụ adịpụ maka microcomputers mbụ, ọkachasị Commodore PET. Ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ anọchiwo IEEE 488 maka iji kọmputa, mana a ka na-eji ya eme ihe na ngwaọrụ nnwale. 

Mmalite ya

Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, Hewlett-Packard (HP) ^[1] rụrụ ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ nyocha na nyocha na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, dị ka multimeters dijitalụ na ndị nyocha ọgụgụ isi. Ha mepụtara HP Interface Bus (HP-IB) iji mee ka njikọ dị mfe n'etiti ngwá ọrụ na ndị nchịkwa (kọmputa na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ).

bọs ahụ dịtụ mfe itinye n'ọrụ site na iji teknụzụ n'oge ahụ, site na iji bọs dị mfe na ọtụtụ akara nchịkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, HP 59501 Power Supply Programmer na HP 59306A Relay Actuator bụ ihe dị mfe HP-IB nke etinyere na TTL, na-enweghị mkpa maka microprocessor.

HP nyere ikikere HP-IB maka ego a na-akwụ ndị nrụpụta ndị ọzọ. A maara ya dị ka General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), ma ghọọ ụkpụrụ n'ezie maka njikwa ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. Ka GPIB na-ewu ewu, ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche kwadoro ya.

Ụkpụrụ

N'afọ 1975, IEEE kwadoro bọs ahụ dị ka Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation, IEEE 488 ; e dezigharịrị ya na 1978 (na-emepụta IEEE 488-1978).  E dezigharịrị ọkọlọtọ ahụ na 1987, ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ IEEE 488.1  (IEEE 488.1-1987).  Ụkpụrụ ndị a kwadoro usoro nhazi, eletrik, na usoro iwu nke GPIB, mana ekwughị ihe ọ bụla gbasara usoro iwu ma ọ bụ data.

N'afọ 1987, IEEE wepụtara Standard Codes, Formats, Protocols, na Common Commands, IEEE 488.2 . E dezigharịrị ya na 1992. IEEE 488.2 nyere maka nhazi okwu na usoro nkwekọrịta, yana iwu ndị na-adabere na ngwaọrụ, usoro data, usoro njehie, na ihe ndị yiri ya.  IEEE 488.2 wuru na IEEE 48 8.1 n'ebughị ụzọ dochie ya; ngwá ọrụ nwere ike ịgbaso IEEE 48.1 n'agbasoghị IEEE 4888.2.    

Ọ bụ ezie na IEEE 488.1 kọwapụtara ngwaike na IEEE488.2 kọwapụtara usoro iwu ahụ, ọ ka nweghị ụkpụrụ maka iwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ.   Iwu iji chịkwaa otu ụdị ngwá ọrụ ahụ, dịka, multimeters, dịgasị iche n'etiti ndị na-emepụta na ọbụna ụdị.

Ndị United States Air Force, ^[2] na mgbe e mesịrị Hewlett-Packard, ghọtara nke a dị ka nsogbu. ^[3]'afọ 1989, HP mepụtara Test Measurement Language (TML) ^[4] ma ọ bụ Test and Measurment Systems Language (TMSL) ^[5] nke bụ onye bu ụzọ na Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation (SCPI), nke e webatara dị ka ọkọlọtọ ụlọ ọrụ na 1990. SCPI gbakwunyere iwu ndị dị n'ozuzu, na usoro klas ngwá ọrụ nwere iwu ndị kwekọrọ na klas. SCPI nyere iwu ka IEEE 488.2 syntax, mana o kwere ka ndị ọzọ (ndị na-abụghị IEEE 4881).  

IEC mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ha n'otu oge na IEEE, na 'IEC 60625-2 '-1  na IEC 70625-2 (IEC 625), mgbe e mesịrị jiri IEC 60488 dochie ya. 

National Instruments webatara ndọtị na-adaba azụ na IEEE 488.1, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka HS-488.  Ọ mụbara ọnụego data kachasị elu ruo 8 Mbyte / s, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụego ahụ na-ebelata ka ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ jikọtara na bọs ahụ. ^[6] tinyere nke a n'ime ọkọlọtọ na 2003 (IEEE 488.1-2003), ^[7] n'ihi mmegide HP. 

^[8]'afọ 2004, IEEE na IEC jikọtara ụkpụrụ ha n'ime "Dual Logo" IEEE / IEC ọkọlọtọ 'IEC 60488-2 '-1 , Standard for Higher Performance Protocol for the Programmable Instrumentation - Akụkụ 1: General, ^[9] dochie IEEE 488.1/IEC 60625-1, na IEC 60 48488-2, Akụkụ 2: Koodu, Ụdị, Protocols na Common Commands, ^[10] dochie IEE 488.2/IEC 60225-2.    

Ihe ndị e ji mara ya

IEEE 488 bụ bọs 8-bit, nke na-arụ ọrụ eletrik nke na-eji akara ngosi iri na isii - asatọ eji maka nnyefe data abụọ, atọ maka nkwonkwo aka, na ise maka njikwa bọs - gbakwunyere akara nloghachi ala asatọ. 

^[11] ahụ ^[12]-akwado adreesị ngwaọrụ isi iri atọ na otu nke nwere nọmba site na 0 ruo 30, na-enye adreesị pụrụ iche na ngwaọrụ ọ bụla dị na bọs ahụ.

Ụkpụrụ ahụ na-enye ohere ka ngwaọrụ 15 kerịta otu bọs anụ ahụ ruru mita 20 (66 ngụkọta nke ogologo eriri. Topology anụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ahịrị ma ọ bụ kpakpando (forked). ^[13] Ndị na-agbatị ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-enye ohere bọs dị ogologo, na ihe ruru ngwaọrụ 31 nwere ike ime na bọs ezi uche dị na ya.

Ọrụ nchịkwa na nnyefe data kewara n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya; onye nchịkwa nwere ike ịgakwuru otu ngwaọrụ dị ka "onye na-ekwu okwu" na otu ma ọ bụ karịa ngwaọrụ dị ka 'ndị na-ege ntị' n'enweghị isonye na nnyefe Data. ^[14] kwere omume ka ọtụtụ ndị na-achịkwa otu bọs ahụ, mana ọ bụ naanị otu nwere ike ịbụ "Onye na-achị achị" n'otu oge.

Na usoro izizi, nnyefe na-eji aka agbakwunyere agbakwunye, nke nwere waya atọ dị njikere-ịkwado. ^[15] Ọnụ ọgụgụ data kachasị elu bụ ihe dịka otu megabyte kwa sekọnd. Mgbatị HS-488 mechara mee ka nkwonkwo aka dị jụụ, na-enye ohere ruo 8 Mbyte / s.  Ngwaọrụ ^[16]-ekere òkè nke ọma na-ekpebi ọsọ nke bọs.

Njikọ

  IEEE 488 na-akọwapụta njikọ micro ribbon nke Amphenol mepụtara na pin 24.  Micro ribbon connectors nwere D-shaped metal shell, mana ha buru ibu karịa D-subminiature connectors. A na-akpọ ha mgbe ụfọdụ "Centronics connectors" site na njikọ micro ribbon 36-pin Centronics eji maka ndị nbipute ha.

Otu ihe pụrụ iche nke njikọ IEEE 488 bụ na ha na-ejikarị "isi abụọ", na nwoke n'otu akụkụ, na nwanyị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ.  Nke a na-enye ohere ịkwanye njikọ maka eriri daisy dị mfe. Ntụle igwe na-egbochi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikọ ndị a na-etinye na anọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ na-agụnye ịkwado njikọ ahụ nwere ike inwe ike ịgafe nke a.

A na-ejide ha n'ọnọdụ site na screws, ma ọ bụ 6-32 UNK ^[17] (nke na-adịkarị ugbu a) ma ọ bụ metric M3.5×0.6 threads. Ụdị mbụ nke ọkọlọtọ ahụ tụrụ aro na a ga-eme ka ọ na-acha oji iji zere mgbagwoju anya na eriri UTS na-ekwekọghị. Otú dị, site na mmezigharị nke afọ 1987, a naghịzi ele nke a anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ihi mmụba nke eriri metric.

Ụkpụrụ IEC 60625 na-enye iwu iji njikọ D-subminiature 25-pin (otu ihe ahụ e ji mee ihe maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'otu akụkụ na IBM PC dakọtara).  Njikọ a enwetaghị nkwenye ahịa dị ukwuu megide njikọ pin 24 e guzobere.

Ikike

Ọrụ	Nchịkọta		Nkọwa na ihe atụ
Isi iyi Aka	SH	1	O zuru ezu
Onye Na-anabata Aka	AH	1	O zuru ezu
Onye Isi Okwu	T	5	Na-azaghachi na ntuli aka usoro; na-ekwu okwu mgbe a natara adreesị ige ntị; naanị ikike ikwu okwu
		6	Untalks mgbe a natara adreesị ntị; ọ dịghị naanị okwu
		7	Enweghị ntuli aka; iwepụ okwu mgbe a natara adreesị ige ntị; naanị ikike ikwu okwu
Onye na-ekwu okwu gbasaa	TE	0	Enweghị onye na-ekwu okwu
Onye na-ege ntị	L	3	Gee naanị ọnọdụ; wepụ ntị ma ọ bụrụ na adreesị okwu natara
		4	A naghị ege ntị ma ọ bụrụ na a natara adreesị okwu
Onye na-ege ntị gbasaa	LE	0	Enweghị onye na-ege ntị
Arịrịọ Ọrụ	SR	0	Enweghị ikike ịrịọ maka ọrụ
		1	O zuru ezu
Ebe Dịpụrụ adịpụ	RL	0	Enweghị mkpọchi n'ógbè ahụ
		1	O zuru ezu
Nnyocha N'otu Oge	PP	0	Ọ naghị emeghachi omume na Nnyocha Nkwekọrịta
Ngwaọrụ doro anya	DC	1	zuru ezu
Ngwaọrụ Na-adọkpụ	DT	0	Enweghị ikike ịgbapụ ngwaọrụ
		1	O zuru ezu
Onye nchịkwa	C	0	Enweghị ọrụ njikwa
	E	1	Mepee eletrọniki na-anabata ihe
		2	Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala steeti atọ

Ntụnyere na ụkpụrụ interface ndị ọzọ

  Na eletrik, IEEE 488 jiri interface ngwaike nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ na ụfọdụ ọgụgụ isi ma ọ bụ na microcontroller.  Ngwaọrụ ngwaike ahụ mere ka ngwaọrụ ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche mepụta nwee ike iso otu onye na-elekọta ya kwurịta okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwaọrụ ọ bụla mepụtara akara aka asynchronous nke usoro bọs chọrọ, enwere ike ịgwakọta ngwaọrụ na-adịghị ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa n'otu bọs. Mbufe data ahụ dị nwayọ, ya mere, a na-eleghara nsogbu akara nnyefe dị ka nkwekọrịta impedance na nkwụsị nke akara anya. Enweghị ihe achọrọ maka ikewapụ galvanic n'etiti bọs na ngwaọrụ, nke mepụtara ohere nke looping ala na-akpata mkpọtụ ọzọ na ọnwụ data.

N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, njikọ IEEE 488 na eriri siri ike ma jide ya n'ọnọdụ site na screws.  Ọ bụ ezie na njikọ ndị buru ibu ma sie ike bụ uru na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nyocha, nha na ọnụahịa nke njikọ ndị ahụ bụ ibu ọrụ na ngwa dịka kọmputa onwe onye.

Ọ bụ ezie na a kọwapụtara njikọ eletrik na nke anụ ahụ nke ọma, enweghi usoro iwu mbụ. Ngwaọrụ sitere ^[18] ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche nwere ike iji iwu dị iche iche maka otu ọrụ ahụ. Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụkpụrụ iwu anaghị edozi ruo mgbe Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI) na 1990. Nhọrọ mmejuputa (dịka njedebe nke njikwa nnyefe) nwere ike ime ka mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya na ngwaọrụ pre-IEEE 488.2. 

Ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka USB, FireWire, na Ethernet na-eji ọnụahịa na-ebelata nke interface electronics iji mejuputa ụkpụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya na-enye bandwidth dị elu. Njikọ multi-conductor (n'otu data) na eriri echebe dị oke ọnụ karịa njikọ na eriri nke enwere ike iji ya na ụkpụrụ nnyefe data dịka RS-232, RS-485, USB, FireWire ma ọ bụ Ethernet. Kọmputa onwe onye ole na ole ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ (dị ka ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyocha) mejupụtara IEEE 488. 

Hụkwa

Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye IEEE 488.

• Iwu ọkọlọtọ maka Ngwá Ọrụ A Na-eme Ihe Nhazi (SCPI)
• PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI)
• LAN eXtensions maka Instrumentation (LXI)
• Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA)
• Usoro HP 80
• Ugwu Rocky BASIC
• HP-IL, usoro nke IEEE-488 site na HP
• Commodore bus, usoro nke IEEE-488 site na Commodore

Ihe odide

1. This part of HP was later (c. 1999) spun off as Agilent Technologies, and in 2014 Agilent's test and measurement division was spun off as Keysight Technologies.
2. Project Mate in 1985
3. History of GPIB. National Instruments. Retrieved on 2010-02-06. “In 1990, the IEEE 488.2 specification included the Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation (SCPI) document.”
4. GPIB 101, A Tutorial of the GPIB Bus. ICS Electronics.
5. Hewlett Packard Test & Measurement Catalog 1991. hparchive.com.
6. P488.1 Project Home. IEEE. Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
7. Upgraded Standard Boosts Speed of IEEE 488 Instrument Buses Eightfold. IEEE (2003-10-06). Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. Retrieved on 2010-02-06.
8. Replaced or Withdrawn Publications. IEC. Archived from the original on 2012-04-17. Retrieved on 2010-02-06.
9. IEC/IEEE Standard for Higher Performance Protocol for the Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation - Part 1: General (Adoption of IEEE Std 488.1-2003). IEEE. DOI:10.1109/IEEESTD.2004.95749. ISBN 978-0-7381-4536-5.
10. Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation- Part 2: Codes, Formats, Protocols and Common Commands (Adoption of (IEEE Std 488.2-1992). IEEE. DOI:10.1109/IEEESTD.2004.95390. ISBN 978-0-7381-4100-8.
11. (2009-07-20) "Table 1-1: 82350 GPIB interface card configuration parameters", Agilent 82350B PCI GPIB Interface: Installation and Configuration Guide. Agilent Technologies. Agilent P/N 82350-90004. Retrieved on 2010-02-16. “any address in the range 0 - 30, inclusive, may be used”
12. (February 2005) "GPIB Addressing", NI-488.2 User Manual. National Instruments Corporation. NI P/N 370428C-01. Retrieved on 2010-02-16. “The primary address is a number in the range 0 to 30.”
13. GPIB Instrument Control Tutorial. National Instruments (2009-08-24). Retrieved on 2010-02-16. “connected in either a daisy-chain or star topology”
14. (February 2005) NI-488.2 User Manual. National Instruments Corporation. NI P/N 370428C-01. Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
15. (February 2005) "Handshake Lines", NI-488.2 User Manual. National Instruments Corporation. NI P/N 370428C-01. Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
16. Using HS488 to Improve GPIB System Performance. National Instruments Corporation (30 March 2009). Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
17. "Mechanical Aspects", Tutorial Description of the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus. Hewlett-Packard. Retrieved on 2022-06-13. “Some existing cables use English threads (6-32UNK).”
18. Early devices might respond to an ID command with an identification string; later standards had devices respond to the *ID command.