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Benue-Congo (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ East Benue–Congo) bụ ngalaba bụ isi nke asụsụ Volta-Congo nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa.
Central Nigeria (ma ọ bụ Platoid) nwere ezinaụlọ Plateau, Jukunoid na Kainji, yana Bantoid–Cross jikọtara otu Bantoid na Cross River.
Bantoid bụ naanị okwu mkpokọta maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla nke Bantoid-Cross ma e wezụga Cross River, a naghịzi ahụ nke a dị ka ịmepụta alaka dị mma, agbanyeghị otu n'ime ezinụlọ ndị dị n'okpuru, Southern Bantoid, ka a na-ewere ya dị ka nke ziri ezi. Ọ bụ Southern Bantoid nke nwere asụsụ Bantu, nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa. Nke a na-eme ka Benue-Congo bụrụ otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo, ma n'ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ, nke Ethnologue nwere 976 (2017), na ndị na-ekwu okwu, nke nwere ike ịbụ nde 350. Benue–Congo gụnyekwara obere mpụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpaghara Nigeria–Cameroon, mana ezigbo mmekọrịta ha ejighị n'aka.
A na-akpọ alaka Volta – Niger nke dị na Nigeria na Benin mgbe ụfọdụ "West Benue–Congo", mana ọ naghị etolite alaka ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ọnụ na Benue-Congo. Mgbe mbụ Joseph Greenberg tụpụtara Benue–Congo (1963), ọ gụnyere Volta–Niger (dị ka West Benue–Congo); ókèala dị n'etiti Volta-Niger na Kwa agbagoro arụmụka ugboro ugboro. [1] (2012) na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere Benue-Congo dị ka "asụsụ aha dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu nke Niger", o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ otu dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ngosipụta nke a na mbipụta. A na-eche na alaka nke ezinụlọ Benue-Congo dị ka ndị a:
Ukaan nwekwara njikọ na Benue-Congo; Roger Blench na-eche na ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Benue-Kongo kachasị dị iche (East) ma ọ bụ onye ikwu Benue-Кongo.
Fali nke Baissa na Tita bụkwa Benue-Congo mana ha anaghị ahapụ ha.
Alaka | Ebe ndị bụ isi |
---|---|
Osimiri Cross | Cross River, Akwa Ibom, na Rivers States |
Bendi | Obudu na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River StateSteeti Cross River |
Mambiloid | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
Dakoid | Mayo Belwa LGA, Taraba State na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu |
Jukunoid | Steeti Taraba |
Yukubenic | Takum LGA, Taraba StateSteeti Taraba |
Kainji | Kauru LGA, Kaduna State na Bassa LGA, Plateau State; Kainji Lake area |
Ala dị larịị | Ala dị larịị, Kaduna, na Steeti Nasarawa |
Tivoid | Obudu LGA, Cross River State na Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
Nwa beboid | Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
Ekoid | Ikom na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State; Cameroon |
Ubi ahịhịa | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
Jarawan | Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, na Taraba Steeti |
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi maka asụsụ proto-asụsụ dị iche iche nke alaka Benue-Congo dị iche iche:
Alaka | Asụsụ | anya | ntị | imi | ezé | ire | ọnụ | ọbara | ọkpụkpụ | osisi | mmiri | Iri nri | aha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benue-Congo | Proto-Benue-Congo[4] | *-mkpu | *-tuŋi | *-Zua | *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo | *-Lemi; *-ọdọ mmiri | *-zi; *-luŋ | *-kupe | *-titi; *-kwon | *-izi; *-ni | *-zina | ||
Kainji | Proto-Northern Jos[5] | **iji (lì-/à-) | *toŋ (ebe-/tì-) | *nyimu (bì-/ì-) | *ʔini (lì-/à-) | *lelem (lì-/à-) | *nua (ebe-/tì-) | *nyì (aw) (mà-) | *ti (nke nwere reduplication) (ù-/tì-) | *nyi (ma-) | *lia | *ji (a) (lì-/sì-) | |
Ala dị larịị | Proto-Jukunoid[6] | *giP (ri-/a-) | *tóŋ (ku-/a-) | *wíǹ (ri-/a-) | *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) | *dema (ri-/a-) | *ndut (u-/i-) | *yíŋ (ma-) | *kup (ku-/a-) | *kun (ku-/i-) | *Mgbapụta | *dyi | *gyin (ri-/a-) |
Ala dị larịị | Proto-Kagoro[7] | *-gi | *-abụọ | *nii[ŋ] | *-dyam | *-nu[ŋ] | *-suka | *-kup | *-kwan | *-sii | |||
Ala dị larịị | Proto-Jaba[7] | *gu-su | *gu-to[ŋ] | *-gi[ŋ] | *ga-lem | *ga-nyu | *ba-zi | *gu-kup | |||||
Ala dị larịị | Proto-Beromic[7] | *-gis | *-toŋ | *- a na-akpọ | *-lyam | *-agba ọtọ | *ịdị elu | *-kup | *-kon | *-sii | |||
Ala dị larịị | Proto-Ninzic[7] | *ki-sị́ | *ku-tóŋ | *ki-Nyin / *-Nyir | *ì-rem | *-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ | *ma-ɣì | *Stu-k site na | *ebe-kon | *a-ma-sit | |||
Obe | Proto-Upper Cross[] | *dyèná | *-ttóŋ (ì) | *dyòna | *-ttân | *-dák | *-ma | *-de; *-yìŋ | *-kúpà | *-tté | *-ụmụaka | *dyá | *-n'ihu |
Obe | [8] nke ala [1] | *ɛ́-ɲɛ́n / *a- | *ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a- | *í-búkó | *é-dɛ̀t / *a- | *ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ́ / *a- | *í-na | *-ɟìːp | *Rory | *Ọ bụ nwanne nna | *Akwụkwọ-mɔ́́́ːŋ | *ebe ahụ | *ɛ́-ɟɛ́n |
Obe | Proto-Ogoni[9] | *Adeɛ̃ | *ɔ́́́́̃ | *m̀ bĩɔ́̃ | *àdáNa | *Adighi nke ọma | *m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu | *ákpogó | *Onye na-eto eto | N'ihi ya, m na-amụta | *Dede | *ụmụ anụmanụ | |
Ubi ahịhịa | [10]Ubi ahịhịa [1] | *Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga | *túŋ-li | *L (u) Na-aga n'ihu | *sòŋ' | *ikike nke nta | *ebe ole na ole | Ihe na-eme n'ụzọ dị mfe | *gÚp; *kúi (n) ' | *tí' | *Ib; *Ìk'; *mò' | *Ide | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị |
Ubi ahịhịa | [11] aka [1] | *Gịnị | *ndị ọzọ | *Duuì, *tɔ́ŋ | Onye Kraịst gị, onye Kraịst gị | *dɔ́mì, *dídè | *Duò | *dúŋá, *káŋù | *gúpɛ́́ | Akara na-aga n'ihu | *Múɔ̀ | *Duò | *dítɔ́, *gíd' |
Bantu | -Bantu [1] | *i=jico | *kʊ= avi | *i=jʊ́lʊ | *i=jino; *i=gego | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=ọnụ | *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí); *mʊ=lopa; *ma =ɲínga | *i=kúpa | *mʊ=tɪ́ | *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) | *=lɪ́ -a | *i=jina |
Bantu | Swahili | jicho | sikio | pua | Yaụ | Ugboro | Kinyawa | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Ọkpụkpụ | Mkpụrụ ego | Onye isi ala | la | Jena |
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