Alice Augusta Ball
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alice Augusta Ball (Julaị 24, 1892 - Disemba 31, 1916) bụ onye America chemist bụ onye mepụtara "Ụzọ bọọlụ", ọgwụgwọ kachasị dị irè maka ekpenta na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. [1] Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ Afrịka America nwetara nzere masta site na Mahadum Hawaii, ma bụrụkwa nwanyị mbụ mahadum na prọfesọ kemịkalụ Amerịka. [2]
ụdịekere | nwanyị |
---|---|
mba o sị | Njikota Obodo Amerika |
Aha enyere | Alice |
aha ezinụlọ ya | Ball |
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya | 24 Julaị 1892 |
Ebe ọmụmụ | Seattle |
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya | 31 Disemba 1916 |
Ebe ọ nwụrụ | Seattle |
ihe kpatara ọnwụ | unknown value |
Ikwu | James Presley ball |
Ọrụ ọ na-arụ | chemist, pharmacist |
ụdị ọrụ ya | chemistry |
onye were ọrụ | University of Hawaiʻi |
ebe agụmakwụkwọ | University of Hawaiʻi, University of Washington, Broadway High School |
ogo mmụta | nzere masters |
Ebe obibi | Oahu |
agbụrụ | |
kọwara na URL | https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/obituaries/alice-ball-overlooked.html |
A mụrụ Alice Augusta Ball na July 24, n'afọ 1892, na Seattle, Washington, nye James Presley na Laura Louise (Howard) Ball. [3] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka anọ, nwere ụmụnne abụọ tọrọ, William na Robert, na nwanne nwanyị nke tọrọ, Addie. [4] Ezinụlọ ya dị n'etiti na nke ọma, dịka nna Ball bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Colored Citizen, onye na-ese foto na onye ọka iwu. [5] [3] Nne ya na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto. [2] Nna nna ya, James Ball Sr., bụ onye na-ese foto, na otu n'ime ndị ojii America mbụ ji daguerreotype, [6] [7] usoro nke ibipụta foto na efere ígwè. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta ekwuola na ịhụnanya nne na nna ya na nna nna ya nwere maka foto nwere ike itinye aka na ịhụnanya o nwere maka chemistry, ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ na mercury vapors na ayodiin na-eme ka efere ọlaọcha mepụta foto. [2] N'agbanyeghị ịbụ ndị a ma ama na ndị na-akwado obodo Africa America, nne na nna Ball abụọ ka edepụtara dị ka "White" na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ mgbalị iji belata ajọ mbunobi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nwa ha nwanyị ga-eche ihu ma nyere ya aka "ịgafe" na ọha ndị ọcha. [3]
Alice Ball na ezinụlọ ya si Seattle kwaga Honolulu na 1903 na-atụ anya na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ga-ebelata ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke nna nna ya. Ọ nwụrụ obere oge ka ọ kwagara na n'afọ 1905, ha laghachiri na Seattle mgbe naanị otu afọ na Hawaii gasịrị. [8] Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Seattle, Ball gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Seattle wee nweta akararị dị elu na sayensị. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Seattle High School n'afọ 1910. [4]
Ball gara n'ihu na-amụ kemịkalụ na Mahadum Washington, [2] [9] na-enweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor na kemistri ọgwụ na 1912 na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na sayensị nke ọgwụ afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị n'afọ 1914. [1] [4] N'akụkụ onye nkuzi ya na-ere ọgwụ, Williams Dehn, o bipụtara isiokwu dị peeji 10, " Benzoylations in Ether Solution", na Journal of the American Chemical Society . [10] Ibipụta akụkọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị a na-akwanyere ùgwù bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka nwanyị na karịsịa maka nwanyị ojii n'oge a. [6]
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere Ball ọtụtụ ohere agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ natara onyinye sitere na Mahadum California Berkeley, yana College of Hawaii (ugbu a Mahadum Hawaii ), ebe o kpebiri ịmụ maka akara ugo mmụta dị elu na kemistri. [11] Na kọleji nke Hawaii, ihe ọmụmụ nna ya ukwu gụnyere ịmụ ihe gbasara kemịkal nke ụdị osisi Kava. N'ihi nchọcha a na nghọta o nwere banyere kemịkalụ ihe ọkụkụ, Harry T. Hollmann mechara bịakwute ya, onye bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ enyemaka dọkịta na-ahụ maka ekpenta na ọdụ nyocha ekpenta nke US Public Health Service na Hawaii, [12] ka ọ mụọ chaulmoogra. mmanụ na chemical Njirimara. Mmanụ Chaulmoogra bụ ọgwụgwọ kacha mma maka ọrịa ekpenta kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, Ball wee mepụta ụdị injectable dị irè karị. N'afọ 1915, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na onye isi ojii America mbụ ga-eji akara ugo mmụta masters na College of Hawaii gụchaa. [1] Ọ bụkwa onye mbụ African American "chemist na onye nkuzi" na College of Hawaii's chemistry ngalaba. [13]