Yahwe [2] (bahasa Ibrani : יהוה , translit. yhw , Yehuwa )[3] adalah istilah atau nama ilahiah dalam Yahudi , meskipun Yahwe tidak pernah disembah secara eksklusif oleh bangsa Israel. Namanya mungkin dimulai sebagai julukan kepada El , Dewa tertinggi dalam Panteon Kanaan , Referensi terawal yang menyebut nama Yahweh didapat dari catatan Mesir Kuno yang menempatkannya sebagai sesembahan di antara kaum nomad di kawasan selatan Transjordan . Dalam literatur alkitab tertua, dia digambarkan sebagai "prajurit ilahi" yang memimpin tentara surgawi melawan semua musuh Israel; ia kemudian menjadi pemimpin utama dari kerajaan Samaria dan Yehuda , dan dalam kurun waktu tertentu, kerajaan menyatakan bahwa Yahweh sebagai pencipta seluruh alam semesta dan memiliki keilahian yang tak dapat disangkal. Pada masa akhir pembuangan ke Babilonia (abad ke-6 SM), keberadaan ilah-ilah lain disangkal, dan Yahweh dicanangkan sebagai pencipta alam semesta , sebagai Tuhan satu-satunya yang menjadi pemilik sejati seluruh alam semesta.
Sekeping koin drachma (seperempat shekel ) dari provinsi Persia Yehud , menampilkan Yahweh (dewa bulan) digambarkan sebagai laki-laki berjanggut duduk di atas takhta beroda dan bersayap.
Informasi lebih lanjut Agama Yahudi ...
Tutup
Daftar Pustaka
Ackerman, Susan (2003). "Goddesses". Dalam Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader . Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5 .
Ahlstrom, Gosta W. (1991). "The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past . A&C Black.
Albertz, Rainer (1994). A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy . Westminster John Knox.
Allen, Spencer L. (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East . Walter de Gruyter.
Becking, Bob (2001). "The Gods in Whom They Trusted". Dalam Becking, Bob. Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah . A&C Black.
Bennett, Harold V. (2002). Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel . Eerdmans.
Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). "Monotheism". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans. ISBN 9053565035 .
Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1999). "The Temple and the Synagogue". Dalam Finkelstein, Louis; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William. The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period . Cambridge University Press.
Cohn, Norman (2001). Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith . Yale University Press.
Collins, John J. (2005). The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age . Eerdmans.
Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (2012). Stories from Ancient Canaan (2nd Edition) . Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 9053565035 .
Cook, Stephen L. (2004). The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism . Society of Biblical Literature.
Darby, Erin (2014). Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual . Mohr Siebeck.
Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005). The Old Testament World . Westminster John Knox.
Davies, Philip R. (2010). "Urban Religion and Rural Religion". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah . Continuum International Publishing Group.
Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan . Continuum.
Dever, William G. (2003a). "Religion and Cult in the Levant". Dalam Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader . Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5 .
Dever, William G. (2003b). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From . Eerdmans.
Dever, William G. (2005). Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion In Ancient Israel . Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1 .
Dijkstra, Meindert (2001). "El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism". Dalam Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; Vriezen, Karel J.H. Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah . A&C Black.
Edelman, Diana V. (1995). "Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms . Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9053565035 .
Elior, Rachel (2006). "Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism". Dalam Katz, Steven T. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period . Cambridge University Press.
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster.
Frerichs, Ernest S. (1998). The Bible and Bibles in America . Scholars Press.
Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel . Continuum.
Gorman, Frank H., Jr. (2000). "Feasts, Festivals". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5 .
Gnuse, Robert (1999). "The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship" . Religion . 29 : 315–336.
Grabbe, Lester (2010). "' Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah . Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4 .
Grabbe, Lester (2007). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? . A&C Black.
Hackett, Jo Ann (2001). "' There Was No King In Israel': The Era of the Judges". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2 .
Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009). From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies . Mohr Siebeck.
Handy, Lowell K. (1995). Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy . Eisenbrauns.
Hess, Richard S. (2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey . Baker Academic.
Humphries, W. Lee (1990). "God, Names of". Dalam Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press.
Keel, Othmar (1997). The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms . Eisenbrauns.
Levin, Christoph (2013). Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament . Mohr Siebeck.
Liverani, Mario (2014). Israel's History and the History of Israel . Routledge. ISBN 978-1317488934 .
Mafico, Temba L.J. (1992). "The Divine Name Yahweh Alohim from an African Perspective". Dalam Segovia, Fernando F.; Tolbert, Mary Ann. Reading from this Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in Global Perspective . 2 . Fortress Press.
Mastin, B.A. (2005). "Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating". Dalam Day, John. In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel . Bloomsbury.
Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006). "A Conversation With My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?". Dalam Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav. Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context . Eisenbrauns.
Meyers, Carol (2001). "Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2 .
McDonald, Nathan (2007). "Aniconism in the Old Testament". Dalam Gordon, R.P. The God of Israel . Cambridge University Press.
Miller, Patrick D (2000). The Religion of Ancient Israel . Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22145-4 .
Miller, Patrick D (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah . Westminster John Knox Press.
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History . Eerdmans.
Niehr, Herbert (1995). "The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms . Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9053565035 .
Noll, K.L. (2001). Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction . A&C Black.
Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998). The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit? . A&C Black.
Schniedewind, William M. (2013). A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period . Yale University Press.
Smith, Mark S. (2000). "El". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans.
Smith, Mark S. (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts . Oxford University Press.
Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel . Eerdmans.
Smith, Mark S. (2003). "Astral Religion and the Divinity". Dalam Noegel, Scott; Walker, Joel. Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World . Penn State Press.
Smith, Mark S. (2010). God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World . Eerdmans.
Smith, Morton (1984). "Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period". Dalam Finkelstein, Louis. The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period . Cambridge University Press.
Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011). "God, names of". Dalam Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion . Oxford University Press.
Van Der Toorn, Karel (1995). "Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion". Dalam Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van Der Toorn, Karel. Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour . BRILL.
Van Der Toorn, Karel (1999). "Yahweh". Dalam Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible . Eerdmans.
Van Der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life . BRILL.
Wright, J. Edward (2002). The Early History of Heaven . Oxford University Press.
Wyatt, Nicolas (2010). "Royal Religion in Ancient Judah". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah . Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4 .