Washington Irving

Washington Irving (3 April 1783 – 28 November 1859) adalah seorang penulis, pengesai, biografer dan sejarawan Amerika Serikat pada abad ke-19. Ia dikenal karena cerita pendek "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" dan "Rip Van Winkle", keduanya muncul di bukunya The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Karya-karyanya meliputi biografi George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith dan Muhammad, dan beberapa sejarawan Spanyol abad ke-15 yang membicarakan tokoh seperti Christopher Columbus, Moor, dan Alhambra. Irving juga menjabat sebagai dubes AS untuk Spanyol mulai 1842 hingga 1846.

Washington Irving
Daguerreotype Washington Irving
Pekerjaan	Penulis cerita pendek, pengesai, biografer, penyunting majalah, diplomat
Gerakan	Romantisisme
Tanda tangan

Ia membuat debut pertamanya pada 1802 dengan serangkaian surat pengamatan kepada Morning Chronicle, ditulis dengan pseudonim Jonathan Oldstyle. Setelah pindah ke Inggris demi bisnis keluarga tahun 1815, ia mendapatkan ketenaran internasional dengan diterbitkannya The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. tahun 1819. Ia terus menerbitkan karya secara rutin—dan hampir selalu sukses—sepanjang hidupnya, dan menyelesaikan biografi George Washington sebanyak lima volume delapan bulan sebelum kematiannya pada usia 76 tahun di Tarrytown, New York.

Irving, bersama James Fenimore Cooper, termasuk di antara para penulis pertama Amerika Serikat yang berpengaruh di Eropa, dan Irving mendorong para penulis Amerika seperti Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, dan Edgar Allan Poe. Irving juga disukai oleh sejumlah penulis Eropa, seperti Sir Walter Scott, Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Francis Jeffrey, dan Charles Dickens. Sebagai penulis terlaris internasional pertama AS, Irving mengakui menulis sebagai profesi yang sah, dan meminta hukum yang lebih kuat untuk melindungi penulis Amerika dari pelanggaran hak cipta.

Daftar karya

Judul	Tanggal terbit	Oleh	Genre
Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle	1802	Jonathan Oldstyle	Surat Observasi
Salmagundi	1807–1808	Launcelot Langstaff, Will Wizard	Satir
A History of New York	1809	Diedrich Knickerbocker	Satir
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.	1819–1820	Geoffrey Crayon	Cerita pendek/Esai
Bracebridge Hall	1822	Geoffrey Crayon	Cerita pendek/Esai
Tales of a Traveller	1824	Geoffrey Crayon	Cerita pendek/Esai
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus	1828	Washington Irving	Biografi/Sejarah
The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada	1829	Fray Antonio Agapida[1]	Sejarah romantis
Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus	1831	Washington Irving	Biografi/Sejarah
Tales of the Alhambra	1832	"The Author of the Sketch Book"	Cerita pendek/Perjalanan
The Crayon Miscellany[2]	1835	Geoffrey Crayon	Cerita pendek
Astoria	1836	Washington Irving	Biografi/Sejarah
The Adventures of Captain Bonneville	1837	Washington Irving	Biografi/Sejarah Romantis
The Life of Oliver Goldsmith	1840 (direvisi 1849)	Washington Irving	Biografi
Biography and Poetical Remains of the Late Margaret Miller Davidson	1841	Washington Irving	Biografi
Mahomet and His Successors	1850	Washington Irving	Biografi
Wolfert's Roost	1855	Geoffrey Crayon Diedrich Knickerbocker Washington Irving	Biography
The Life of George Washington (5 volume)	1855–1859	Washington Irving	Biografi

Catatan

Catatan kaki

1. Irving's publisher, John Murray, overrode Irving's decision to use this pseudonym and published the book under Irving's name—much to the annoyance of its author. See Jones 258-59.
2. Composed of the three short stories "A Tour on the Prairies", "Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey", and "Legends of the Conquest of Spain".

Bahan pustaka

• Burstein, Andrew. The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. (Basic Books, 2007). ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7
• Bowers, Claude G. The Spanish Adventures of Washington Irving. (Riverside Press, 1940).
• Hellman, George S. Washington Irving, Esquire. (Alfred A. Knopf, 1925).
• Grant, Edward. (2001) God & Reason in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-80279-2 hardcover; ISBN 978-0-521-00337-7 softcover.
• Grant, John. (2006) Discarded Science: Ideas that seemed good at the time ... [sic], ff&f (Facts, Figures & Fun), publisher, ISBN 978-1-904332-49-7 hardcover.
• Irving, Pierre M. Life and Letters of Washington Irving. 4 vols. (G.P. Putnam, 1862). Cited herein as PMI.
• Irving, Washington. The Complete Works of Washington Irving. (Rust, et al., editors). 30 vols. (University of Wisconsin/Twayne, 1969–1986). Cited herein as Works.
• Irving, Washington. (1828) History of the Life of Christopher Columbus, 3 volumes, 1828, G. & C. Carvill, publishers, New York, New York; as 4 volumes, 1828, John Murray, publisher, London; and as 4 volumes, 1828, Paris A. and W. Galignani, publishers, France.
• Irving, Washington. (1829) The Life and Voyage of Christopher Columbus, 1 volume, 1829, G. & C. & H. Carvill, publishers, New York, New York; an abridged version prepared by Irving of his 1828 work.
• Jones, Brian Jay. Washington Irving: An American Original. (Arcade, 2008). ISBN 978-1-55970-836-4
• Warner, Charles Dudley. Washington Irving. (Riverside Press, 1881).
• Williams, Stanley T. The Life of Washington Irving. 2 vols. (Oxford University Press, 1935). ISBN 0-7812-5291-1

Pranala luar

• Works by or about Washington Irving at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
• Works by Washington Irving at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
• Famous Quotes by Washington Irving
• Washington Irving's Sunnyside Diarsipkan 2011-08-07 di Wayback Machine.
• Timothy Hopkins' Washington Irving collection, 1683–1839(5 volumes) is housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives Diarsipkan 2008-06-04 di Wayback Machine. at Stanford University Libraries
• Index Entry for Washington Irving at Poets' Corner

Jabatan diplomatik
Didahului oleh: Aaron Vail	Dubes AS untuk Spanyol 1842–1846	Diteruskan oleh: Romulus M. Saunders