USS Constitution

42°22′19.5″N 71°03′20.08″W

Constitution, dressed overall, fires a 17-gun salute in Boston Harbor, 4 July 2014
Sejarah
Amerika Serikat
Nama	USS Constitution
Asal nama	Konstitusi Amerika Serikat[1]
Dipesan	1 Maret 1794
Pembangun	Galangan kapal Edmund Hartt
Biaya	$302,718[2]
Pasang lunas	1 November 1794
Diluncurkan	21 Oktober 1797
Pelayaran perdana	22 Juli 1798[3]
Ganti nama	Old Constitution 1917 Constitution 1925
Reklasifikasi	IX-21, 1941 Tanpa kalsifikasi, 1 September 1975
Pelabuhan daftar	Charlestown Navy Yard[2]
Identifikasi	Kode huruf: NAPJ[4]
Julukan	Old Ironsides
Status	Aktif
Catatan	Komandan pertama: Kapten Samuel Nicholson
Lencana
Ciri-ciri umum (ketika dibangun c. 1797)
Jenis	44-gun frigat kelas-United States
Tonase	1,576[5]
Berat benaman	2,200 ton[5]
Panjang	304 ft (93 m) bowsprit to spanker[6] 207 ft (63 m) billet head to taffrail[6] 175 ft (53 m) at waterline[2]
Lebar	43 ft 6 in (13,26 m)
Tinggi	foremast: 198 ft (60 m) mainmast: 220 ft (67 m) mizzenmast: 1.725 ft (526 m)[2]
Sarat air	21 ft (6,4 m) forward 23 ft (7,0 m) aft[5]
Kedalaman palka	14 ft 3 in (4,34 m)[1]
Dek	Orlop, Berth, Gun, Spar
Pendorong	Layar (tiga tiang, ship rig)
Tata layar	42.710 sq ft (3.968 m2) on three masts[2]
Kecepatan	13 knot (24 km/h; 15 mph)[7]
Kapal dan pesawat yang diangkut	1 × 36 ft (11 m) longboat 2 × 30 ft (9,1 m) cutters 2 × 28 ft (8,5 m) whaleboats 1 × 28 ft (8,5 m) gig 1 × 22 ft (6,7 m) jolly boat 1 × 14 ft (4,3 m) punt[2]
Awak kapal	450 termasuk 55 Marinir dan 30 anak-anak (1797)[2]
Senjata	30 × 24-pounder (11 kg) long gun 20 × 32-pounder (15 kg) carronade 2 × 24-pounder (11 kg) bow chasers[2]
USS Constitution (Frigate)
Daftar Kawasan Bersejarah Nasional di AS
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Letak:	Pangkalan AL Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
Luas	< 1 hektar
Dibangun:	1797
Arsitek:	Joshua Humphreys
Pihak pengelola:	Federal
NRHP Reference#:	66000789[8]
Dimasukkan ke NRHP:	15 Oktober 1966

USS Constitution, atau juga dikenal sebagai Old Ironsides, adalah kapal berbahan kayu dengan tiga layar jenis frigat milik Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat. Kapal ini merupakan kapal angkatan laut tertua yang masih beroperasi.^{[Note 1]}

Sejarah

Karier aktif

USS Constitution dibuat pada tahun 1797, salah satu dari 6 frigat pertama AL AS, dan kapal ketiga yang dibangun. Nama "Constitution" (Konstitusi) adalah salah satu dari 10 nama yang diberikan kepada Presiden George Washington untuk dipilih.^[10][11] Pembuat kapal ini mendesain frigat ini lebih besar dan bersenjata lebih banyak daripada frigat standar pada masanya. Tugasnya yang pertama adalah melindungi kapal-kapal dagang AS yang berlayar, dan untuk mengalahkan bajak laut di Perang Barbaria Pertama.

Constitution dikenang atas aksinya selama Perang 1812 melawan Britania Raya, ketika ia menangkap banyak kapal pedagang, dan mengalahkan lima kapal perang Britania Raya: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane, dan Levant. Peperangan dengan Guerriere memberinya julukan "Old Ironsides" dan pujian dari publik, yang telah berulang kali menyelamatkannya dari pembongkaran. Kapal tersebut terus berpatroli di daerah Laut Tengah dan Afrika, dan mengelilingi dunia pada tahun 1840-an.

Selama Perang Saudara, USS Constitution menjadi kapal latih di Akademi AL AS. USS Constitution juga membawa karya seni dan industri AS untuk dipajang di Paris Expo 1878.

Setelah pensiun

Constitution dipensiunkan pada tahun 1881 dan menjadi kapal museum pada tahun 1907. Pada tahun 1934, Constitutioni menyelesaikan tur 3 tahun, 90 kota di AS. Kapal ini berlayar lagi pada tahun 1997, memperingati 200 tahun usianya, dan sekali lagi pada bulan Agustus 2012 untuk memperingati 200 tahun kemenangannya atas Guerriere.

Misi Constitution saat ini adalah untuk mempromosikan peranan AL AS di masa perang dan damai, melalui penjangkauan edukasi, demonstrasi historis, dan partisipasi aktif di even-even publik. Sebagai kapal AL yang diawaki penuh, awak kapalnya terdiri dari 60 kru dan pelaut, yang berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan seremonial, pendidikan, dan acara-acara khusus lainnya, selain memberikan tur gratis bagi pengunjung sepanjang tahun, biasanya di Galangan Kapal Charlestown di Boston, Massachussets.

Galeri foto

• 
  USS Constitution underway
• 
  Inside USS Constitution in 2015
• 
  Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence
• 
  Constitution sails into Boston Harbor
• 
  USS Constitution in dry dock for restoration work in 2016
• 
  USS Constitution in dock, 2018

Komandan kapal

Berikut ini 80 komandan kapal Constitution sejak 1797.^[12]

Nama	Pangkat	Mulai	Berakhir
Samuel Nicholson	Captain	7/22/1798	6/5/1799
Silas Talbot	Captain	6/5/1799	9/8/1801
Nathaniel Haraden	Sailing Master	6/30/1802	5/14/1803
Edward Preble	Captain	5/14/1803	10/28/1804
Stephen Decatur	Captain	10/28/1804	11/9/1804
John Rodgers	Captain	11/9/1804	5/30/1806
Hugh George Campbell	Captain	5/30/1806	12/8/1807
John Rodgers	Captain	2/20/1809	6/17/1810
Isaac Hull	Captain	6/17/1810	9/15/1812
William Bainbridge	Captain	9/15/1812	7/18/1813
Charles Stewart	Captain	7/18/1813	7/16/1815
Jacob Jones	Captain	4/1/1821	5/31/1824
Thomas Macdonough	Captain	5/31/1824	10/14/1825
Daniel Todd Patterson	Captain	10/14/1825	12/5/1825
George Campbell Read	Captain	1/23/1826	2/21/1826
Daniel Todd Patterson	Captain	2/21/1826	7/19/1828
Jesse Duncan Elliott	Captain	3/3/1835	8/18/1838
Daniel Turner	Captain	3/1/1839	11/8/1841
Foxhall Alexander Parker Sr.	Captain	7/15/1842	2/16/1843
John Percival	Captain	12/13/1843	10/5/1846
John Gwinn	Captain	10/9/1848	9/4/1849
James H. Rowan	Lieutenant	9/4/1849	9/18/1849
Thomas Anderson Conover	Captain	9/18/1849	1/16/1851
John Singleton Rudd	Commander	12/22/1852	6/15/1855
David Dixon Porter	Lieutenant	8/1/1860	8/22/1860
George Washington Rodgers II	Lieutenant	9/20/1860	9/23/1861
Edward Phelps Lull	Lieutenant	9/23/1861	12/15/1863
Henry Martin Blue	Lieutenant	12/15/1863	4/16/1864
Philip Carrigan Johnson Jr.	Lieutenant Commander	4/16/1864	2/16/1866
Edmund Matthews	Lieutenant Commander	2/16/1866	2/26/1866
Thomas Henderson Eastman	Lieutenant Commander	2/26/1866	11/6/1867
George Dewey	Lieutenant Commander	11/6/1867	8/1/1870
Henry Lycurgis Howison	Lieutenant Commander	8/1/1870	9/19/1871
Henry A. Adams Jr.	Captain	1/13/1877	8/15/1877
James Augustin Greer	Captain	8/15/1877	8/23/1877
Reigart Boliver Lowry	Captain	8/23/1877	9/5/1877
Augustus Paul Cooke	Commander	9/5/1877	1/9/1878
Oscar C. Badger	Captain	1/9/1878	8/2/1879
Francis H. Baker	Captain	8/2/1879	9/25/1879
Oscar Fitzalon Stanton	Captain	10/1/1879	6/14/1881
Edwin Malcolm Shepard	Commander	6/14/1881	12/14/1881
John William Powers	Lieutenant	5/20/1905	5/22/1905
Louis Joseph Gulliver	Commander	7/1/1931	6/8/1934
Hermann Pierce Knickerbocker	Lieutenant Commander	8/24/1940	12/1/1941
Clarence Earl McBride	Lieutenant	12/1/1941	3/27/1945
Owen William Huff	Lieutenant Commander	3/27/1945	7/8/1947
Harry Corrolli	Lieutenant	7/8/1947	12/1/1947
Louis Everette Wood	Chief Warrant Officer	12/1/1947	3/11/1950
Knud Haabendal Christensen	Chief Warrant Officer	3/11/1950	4/30/1952
Albert C. Messier	Lieutenant	4/30/1952	6/22/1954
Charles William Morris	Lieutenant	6/22/1954	4/25/1957
David G. O’Brien	Lieutenant Junior Grade	4/25/1957	3/31/1959
Edward Joseph Melanson Jr.	Lieutenant Junior Grade	3/31/1959	7/1/1960
Victor Bernard Stevens Jr.	Lieutenant	7/1/1960	8/29/1963
John Christopher Kelleher	Lieutenant	8/29/1963	6/28/1965
Joseph Clark Grew II	Lieutenant	6/28/1965	4/28/1967
Hugh Albert Moore	Commander	3/27/1969	10/30/1970
Jack Loren Reifschneider	Commander	10/30/1970	8/20/1971
John David McKinnon	Commander	8/20/1971	12/11/1972
Thomas Coyne	Commander	12/11/1972	8/6/1974
Tyrone Gabriel Martin	Commander	8/6/1974	6/30/1978
Robert Leo Gillen	Commander	6/30/1978	9/26/1980
Herman Otto Sudholz	Commander	9/26/1980	6/22/1985
Joseph Zachariah Brown	Commander	6/22/1985	7/8/1987
David Matthew Cashman	Commander	8/1/1987	9/21/1991
Richard Bradford Amirault	Commander	9/21/1991	7/29/1995
Michael Charles Beck	Commander	7/29/1995	7/26/1997
Christopher Allan Melhuish	Commander	7/26/1997	7/30/1999
William Feeny Foster Jr.	Commander	7/30/1999	8/11/2001
Randall Allan Neal	Commander	8/11/2001	7/19/2003
Lewin C. Wright	Commander	7/19/2003	7/30/2005
Thomas C. Graves	Commander	7/30/2005	5/10/2007
William A. Bullard III	Commander	5/10/2007	7/24/2009
Timothy M. Cooper	Commander	7/24/2009	7/22/2011
Matthew Bonner	Commander	7/22/2011	7/26/2013
Sean D. Kearns	Commander	7/26/2013	8/14/2015
Robert S. Gerosa Jr.	Commander	8/14/2015	11/3/2017
Nathaniel R. Shick	Commander	11/3/2017	2019
John Benda	Commander	2019

Catatan

1. HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades, but she has been in dry dock since 1922.^[9]

Referensi

3. Jennings (1966), p. 36.
4. "Miscellaneous Photo Index". www.navsource.org. Diakses tanggal 20 July 2017.
5. Hollis (1900), p. 39.
6. "FAQ: How big is Constitution?". USS Constitution Museum. Diakses tanggal 10 September 2013.
7. "Log Lines". Research and Collections at the USS Constitution Museum. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2015.
8. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
9. "HMS Victory Service Life". HMS Victory website. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 October 2012. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
10. Pickering, Timothy (14 March 1795). Letter to George Washington. Founders Online, National Archives. Retrieved 25 September 2019
11. Brodine, Charles E.; Crawford, Michael J.; Hughes, Christine F. (2007). Ironsides! the Ship, the Men and the Wars of the USS Constitution (dalam bahasa Inggris). Fireship Press. hlm. 8. ISBN 9781934757147.
12. "Commanders of Constitution". USS Constitution Museum. Diakses tanggal November 12, 2019.

Bibliografi

• Abbot, Willis J. (1896). The Naval History of the United States. 1. Peter Fenelon Collier. OCLC 3453791.
• —— (1896). The Naval History of the United States. 2. Peter Fenelon Collier. OCLC 3453791.
• Allen, Gardner Weld (1905). Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs. Boston, New York and Chicago: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2618279.
• —— (1909). Our Naval War With France. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1202325.
• "The Naval War of 1812 Illustrated". Video Produced by American Society of Marine Artists. 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 June 2014. Diakses tanggal 17 June 2014. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• Beach, Edward L. (1986). The United States Navy: 200 Years. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-03-044711-2. OCLC 12104038.
• Carpenter, Edward, J. (November 1897). "Old Ironsides". The New England Magazine (Uncorrected OCR text). 23 (3): 263–282.
• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (edisi ke-Rev.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. OCLC 67375475.
• Fitz-Enz, David G. (2004). Old Ironsides: Eagle of the Sea: The Story of the USS Constitution. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-160-2. OCLC 54778453.
• Gardiner, Robert (2006). Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-292-4. OCLC 65768049.
• Hill, Frederic Stanhope (1905). Twenty-Six Historic Ships. The Knickerbocker Press. OCLC 1667284.
• Hollis, Ira N. (1900). The Frigate Constitution; The Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2350400.
• Jennings, John (1966). Tattered Ensign The Story of America's Most Famous Fighting Frigate, U.S.S. Constitution. Thomas Y. Crowell. OCLC 1291484.
• Maclay, Edgar Stanton; Smith, Roy Campbell (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. 1 (edisi ke-New). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.
• —— (1898) [1893]. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1898. 2 (edisi ke-New). New York: D. Appleton. OCLC 609036.
• Martin, Tyrone G. (1997). A Most Fortunate Ship: A Narrative History of "Old Ironsides". Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-588-0. OCLC 243901224.
• Roosevelt, Theodore (1883) [1882]. The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain (edisi ke-3rd). New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. OCLC 133902576.
• Tashjian, James H. (Autumn 1975). "A Bicentennial History of the Armenian Community of Massachusetts". Armenian Review. Boston: Hairenik Association. 28 (3–111).
• Toll, Ian W (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the US Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925.
• Tracy, Nicholas (2006). Who's who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-244-3. OCLC 238896527.
• Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. St. Paul: Seaforth / MBI. ISBN 978-1-84415-700-6. OCLC 216617748.

Further reading

• Bibliography of early American naval history
• Cooper, James Fenimore (May 1853). "Old Ironsides". Putnam's Monthly. I (V).
• Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2000). Old Ironsides (Large Print). Thorndike: G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-7838-9151-4. OCLC 44468774.
• Humphreys, Assheton Y. (2000). Tyrone G. Martin, ed. The USS Constitution's Finest Fight: The Journal of Acting Chaplain Assheton Humphreys, US Navy. Mount Pleasant: Nautical & Aviation Publishing. ISBN 978-1-877853-60-9. OCLC 44632941.
• Wachtel, Roger (2003). Old Ironsides (Elementary and Junior High School). New York: Childrens Press. ISBN 978-0-516-24207-1. OCLC 50035427.

Pranala luar

• Situs web resmi
• The Captain's Clerk Diarsipkan 2012-08-23 di Wayback Machine.—Extensive sources including ship logs, personnel rosters and research information
• Constitution and Grebe in Houston, 1932 Diarsipkan 2012-11-03 di Wayback Machine.
• Maritimequest Constitution Photo Gallery

Templat:US Constitution