Pengepungan Tobruk

Pengepungan Tobruk berlangsung selama 241 hari pada 1941, setelah pasukan Blok Poros maju ke Cyrenaica dari El Agheila dalam Operasi Sonnenblume melawan Pasukan Gurun Barat Inggris di Libya, pada Kampanye Gurun Barat (1940–1943) pada Perang Dunia Kedua. Pada akhir 1940, Inggris mengalahkan Tentara ke-10 Italia pada Operasi Compass (9 Desember 1940 – 9 Februari 1941) dan menjebak sisanya di Beda Fomm.

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Pengepungan Tobruk

Bagian dari Kampanye Gurun Barat

Pasukan Australia sedang menduduki posisi garis depan di Tobruk

Tanggal	10 April – 27 November 1941,
Lokasi	Tobruk, Libya 32°04′34″N 23°57′41″E
Hasil	Kemenangan Sekutu

Pihak terlibat

Australia
Britania Raya

India

Pasukan Bersenjata Polandia di Barat
Pasukan Cekoslowakia Merdeka

Italia
(sejak 12 April 1941)

Tokoh dan pemimpin

Leslie Morshead (April–September 1941)
Ronald Scobie (September–November 1941)

Rodolfo Graziani

Kekuatan

27,000

35,000

Korban

5,989

12,296
74–150 pesawat

Templat:Kotak Kampanye Gurun Barat

Tutup

Referensi

Buku

Chappell, M. (1996). Army Commandos 1940–1945. Elite Series. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-579-9.
Creveld, M. van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29793-1.
Dominioni, P. C.; Izzo, G. (1967). Takfír: Cronaca dell'ultima Battaglia di Alamein. Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Ugo Mursia Editore. OCLC 163936563.
Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (1994). Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. ISBN 0-58519-391-6.
Harrison, F. (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-986-0.
La Prima controffensiva italo-tedesca in Africa settentrionale: (15 febbraio – 18 novembre 1941). Ufficio storico (dalam bahasa Italian). Roma: Ministero della difesa, Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 1974. OCLC 13007244.
Lewin, R. (1998) [1968]. Rommel As Military Commander. New York: B&N Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-0861-3.
von Luck, H. (1989). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. New York: Dell (Random House). ISBN 0-440-20802-5.
Maughan, B. (1966). Tobruk and El Alamein. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). III. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 954993.
McDonald, N. (2004). Chester Wilmot Reports. Sydney: ABC Books. ISBN 0-7333-1441-4.
Mounbatten, L. (2007). Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-5957-0.
Murphy, W. E. (1961). Fairbrother, M. C., ed. The Relief of Tobruk. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. OCLC 846906679. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2015.
Neillands, R. (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5647-3.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Stitt RN, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1959) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I. 3rd impression. HMSO. OCLC 888934805.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Flynn RN, Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Flynn, Captain F. C. RN; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1960]. Butler, Sir James, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. III. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
Saunders, H. St. G.; Mountbatten, Louis (2007) [1943]. Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos (edisi ke-Read Books). London: HMSO. ISBN 1-4067-5957-0.
The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10) (edisi ke-Public Record Office War Histories). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. ISBN 1-903365-30-9.

Situs web

"I Bersaglieri in Africa Settentrionale". Avanti Savoia website (dalam bahasa Italian). 2003. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.

Bacaan tambahan

Beaumont, J. (1996). Australia's War, 1939–45. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-039-4.
Buckingham, W. F. (2012). Tobruk: The Great Siege, 1941–42. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-75244-501-4.
Combes, D. (2001). Morshead: Hero of Tobruk and El Alamein. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-551398-3.
Converse, A. (2011). Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British divisions in Battle 1939–1945. Australian Army History Series. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52119-480-6.
FitzSimons, P. (2006). Tobruk. Sydney: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-7322-7645-4.
Glassop, L. (1992) [1944]. We Were the Rats (edisi ke-Penguin). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-14-014924-4.
Guardia, M. (2014). Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Air Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-47280-119-9.
Hoffman, K. (2004). Erwin Rommel. London: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-374-7.
Hunt, Sir D. (1990) [1966]. A Don at War (edisi ke-rev.). London: F. Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3383-6.
Jentz, T. L. (1998). Tank Combat In North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941. Atglen, PN: Schiffer. ISBN 0-7643-0226-4.
Johnston, M. (2003). That Magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-654-1.
Latimer, J. (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Santa Barbara, CAL: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98287-4.
Long, G. (1952). To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 18400892.
Long, G. (1973). The Six Years War: a A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN 0-64299-375-0.
Maule, H. (1961). Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma. London: Odhams. OCLC 2127215.
Mead, R. (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the key British Generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
Mitcham, S. W. (2007). Rommel's Desert Commanders: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, North Africa, 1941–1942. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International. ISBN 0-27599-436-8.
Montanari, M. (1985). Tobruk (marzo 1941 – gennaio 1942). Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale (dalam bahasa Italian). II. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico. OCLC 886499428.
Rommel, E; (1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, B., ed. The Rommel Papers. trans. Findlay, Paul (edisi ke-New). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80157-4.
Spencer, B. (1999). In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-145-0.
Walker, I. (2006). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-839-4.
Wilmot, C. (1993) [1944]. Tobruk 1941 (edisi ke-Penguin). Sydney: Halstead Press. ISBN 978-0-670-07120-3.

Situs web

"Appendix No. 30: Summary No. 2, entry for 16 April". 2/43 Infantry Battalion War Diary, April 1941 (PDF). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. hlm. 111–112. RCDIG1026557. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.
Miller, W. A. (1986). "The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division Against Tanks: Tobruk, Libya, 1941". Fort Leavenworth, KN: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute. OCLC 815355690. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-25. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.
Toppe, Generalmajor A. (1991) [~1947]. "German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II" (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army General Command and Staff College. OCLC 58531612. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Siege of Tobruk.

Polish Carpathian Brigade in the defence of Tobruk Diarsipkan 2008-05-01 di Wayback Machine.
The Characteristic of Tobruk defence in 1941 Diarsipkan 2004-06-04 di Wayback Machine.
Australian War Memorial – Siege of Tobruk

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Tanggal

10 April – 27 November 1941,

Lokasi

Tobruk, Libya
32°04′34″N 23°57′41″E

Hasil

Kemenangan Sekutu

Referensi

Buku

Chappell, M. (1996). Army Commandos 1940–1945. Elite Series. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-579-9.
Creveld, M. van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29793-1.
Dominioni, P. C.; Izzo, G. (1967). Takfír: Cronaca dell'ultima Battaglia di Alamein. Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Ugo Mursia Editore. OCLC 163936563.
Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (1994). Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. ISBN 0-58519-391-6.
Harrison, F. (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-986-0.
La Prima controffensiva italo-tedesca in Africa settentrionale: (15 febbraio – 18 novembre 1941). Ufficio storico (dalam bahasa Italian). Roma: Ministero della difesa, Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 1974. OCLC 13007244.
Lewin, R. (1998) [1968]. Rommel As Military Commander. New York: B&N Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-0861-3.
von Luck, H. (1989). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. New York: Dell (Random House). ISBN 0-440-20802-5.
Maughan, B. (1966). Tobruk and El Alamein. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). III. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 954993.
McDonald, N. (2004). Chester Wilmot Reports. Sydney: ABC Books. ISBN 0-7333-1441-4.
Mounbatten, L. (2007). Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-5957-0.
Murphy, W. E. (1961). Fairbrother, M. C., ed. The Relief of Tobruk. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. OCLC 846906679. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2015.
Neillands, R. (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5647-3.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Stitt RN, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1959) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I. 3rd impression. HMSO. OCLC 888934805.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Flynn RN, Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; Flynn, Captain F. C. RN; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1960]. Butler, Sir James, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. III. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
Saunders, H. St. G.; Mountbatten, Louis (2007) [1943]. Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos (edisi ke-Read Books). London: HMSO. ISBN 1-4067-5957-0.
The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10) (edisi ke-Public Record Office War Histories). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. ISBN 1-903365-30-9.

Situs web

"I Bersaglieri in Africa Settentrionale". Avanti Savoia website (dalam bahasa Italian). 2003. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.

Bacaan tambahan

Beaumont, J. (1996). Australia's War, 1939–45. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-039-4.
Buckingham, W. F. (2012). Tobruk: The Great Siege, 1941–42. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-75244-501-4.
Combes, D. (2001). Morshead: Hero of Tobruk and El Alamein. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-551398-3.
Converse, A. (2011). Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British divisions in Battle 1939–1945. Australian Army History Series. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52119-480-6.
FitzSimons, P. (2006). Tobruk. Sydney: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-7322-7645-4.
Glassop, L. (1992) [1944]. We Were the Rats (edisi ke-Penguin). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-14-014924-4.
Guardia, M. (2014). Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Air Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-47280-119-9.
Hoffman, K. (2004). Erwin Rommel. London: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-374-7.
Hunt, Sir D. (1990) [1966]. A Don at War (edisi ke-rev.). London: F. Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3383-6.
Jentz, T. L. (1998). Tank Combat In North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941. Atglen, PN: Schiffer. ISBN 0-7643-0226-4.
Johnston, M. (2003). That Magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-654-1.
Latimer, J. (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Santa Barbara, CAL: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98287-4.
Long, G. (1952). To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 18400892.
Long, G. (1973). The Six Years War: a A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN 0-64299-375-0.
Maule, H. (1961). Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma. London: Odhams. OCLC 2127215.
Mead, R. (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the key British Generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
Mitcham, S. W. (2007). Rommel's Desert Commanders: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, North Africa, 1941–1942. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International. ISBN 0-27599-436-8.
Montanari, M. (1985). Tobruk (marzo 1941 – gennaio 1942). Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale (dalam bahasa Italian). II. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico. OCLC 886499428.
Rommel, E; (1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, B., ed. The Rommel Papers. trans. Findlay, Paul (edisi ke-New). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80157-4.
Spencer, B. (1999). In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-145-0.
Walker, I. (2006). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-839-4.
Wilmot, C. (1993) [1944]. Tobruk 1941 (edisi ke-Penguin). Sydney: Halstead Press. ISBN 978-0-670-07120-3.

Situs web

"Appendix No. 30: Summary No. 2, entry for 16 April". 2/43 Infantry Battalion War Diary, April 1941 (PDF). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. hlm. 111–112. RCDIG1026557. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.
Miller, W. A. (1986). "The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division Against Tanks: Tobruk, Libya, 1941". Fort Leavenworth, KN: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute. OCLC 815355690. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-25. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.
Toppe, Generalmajor A. (1991) [~1947]. "German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II" (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army General Command and Staff College. OCLC 58531612. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2015.

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