Kampanye Gurun Barat atau Perang Gurun (Desert War) terjadi di gurun Mesir dan Libya, merupakan lokasi utama dalam kampanye Afrika Utara pada Perang Dunia Kedua.
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Operasi militer diawali dengan pernyaaan perang Italia terhadap Sekutu pada 10 Juni 1940 untuk merebut Mesir dari Inggris, dimana saat itu ia memiliki lebih dari satu juta orang angkatan perang yang berbasis di Libya, serangan dilancarkan dari Libya menuju mesir pada 13 September 1940. Marshall Rodolfo Graziani bersama lima divisi Italia mulai bergerak cepat ke Mesir tetapi terhenti di depan pertahanan utama Inggris di Mersa Matruh. Meskipun kalah jumlah, Jenderal Archibald Wavell memerintahkan serangan balasan Inggris pada 9 Desember 1940. Italia menderita banyak korban dan terdesak mundur lebih dari 800 km (500 mil). Pasukan Inggris bergerak di sepanjang pantai dan pada 22 Januari 1941, dan berhasil merebut pelabuhan Tobruk di Libya dari Italia.
Benito Mussolini mencari bantuan dari Adolf Hitler dan akhirnya pada Januari 1941, Adolf Hitler mengirim Jenderal Erwin Rommel dan Deutsches Afrikakorps yang baru dibentuk ke Afrika Utara. Rommel melancarkan serangan pertamanya pada 24 Maret 1941, dan setelah seminggu pertempuran dia mendorong Archibald Wavell dan Tentara Inggris keluar dari sebagian besar Libya. Namun, di bawah Letnan Jenderal Leslie Morshead, Inggris berhasil mempertahankan basis pasokan penting di Tobruk.
Archibald Wavell mencoba melakukan serangan balik pada 17 Juni 1941, tetapi pasukannya dihentikan di Halfaya Pass. Tiga minggu kemudian dia digantikan oleh Jenderal Claude Auchinleck.
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