Akad

Akkad (/ˈækæd/) atau Agade (cuneiform: 𒌵𒆠 URI^KI) adalah nama dari sebuah kota Mesopotamia dan wilayah sekitarnya.^[1] Akkad adalah ibukota Kekaisaran Akkadia, yang merupakan pasukan politik dominan di Mesopotamia pada periode sekitar 150 tahun pada paruh ketiga terakhir dari milenium ke-3 SM.

Lokasinya tidak diketahui, meskipun terdapat sejumlah situs kandidat, kebanyakan berada di timur Tigris, yang terbentang antara kota-kota modern Samarra dan Baghdad.^[2]

[1]
Foster (2013): "Akkad was originally the name of an area and city near the confluence of the Diyala and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia (Adams 1965; Weiss 1997). The meaning of the word is unknown. After it became the seat of the Sargonic Dynasty around 2300 bce, Akkad as a territory expanded to mean northern Babylonia, from north of Nippur to Sippar. The city of the same name is first attested in the late Early Dynastic period, became an imperial capital in the Sargonic period, and was still occupied in the second millennium. By the mid‐first millennium the city's cults had been transferred elsewhere and the former capital was a famous ruin. In modern scholarship, the city is often distinguished from the region by calling it Agade. Its location has not been identified."
[2]
"Akkade may thus be one of the many large tells on the confluence of the Adheim River with the Tigris" (Sallaberger, and Westenholz 1999, p. 32.

Foster, Benjamin R. (2013), "Akkad (Agade)", dalam Bagnall, Roger S., The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Chicago: Blackwell, hlm. 266–267, doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah01005
Meador, Betty De Shong (2001), Inanna, Lady of the Largest Heart. Poems by the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna, Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 978-0-292-75242-9
Pruß, Alexander (2004), "Remarks on the Chronological Periods", dalam Lebeau, Marc; Sauvage, Martin, Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia, Subartu, 13, hlm. 7–21, ISBN 2503991203
Reade, Julian (2002), "Early Monuments in Gulf Stone at the British Museum, with Observations on Some Gudea Statues and the Location of Agade", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 92 (2): 258–295, doi:10.1515/zava.2002.92.2.258
Sallaberger, Walther; Westenholz, Aage (1999), Mesopotamien: Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, 160/3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 352553325X
Unger, Eckhard (1928), "Akkad", dalam Ebeling, Erich; Meissner, Bruno, Reallexikon der Assyriologie (dalam bahasa German), 1, Berlin: W. de Gruyter, hlm. 62, OCLC 23582617
van de Mieroop, Marc (2007), A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC. Second Edition, Blackwell History of the Ancient World, Malden: Blackwell, ISBN 9781405149112
Wall-Romana, Christophe (1990), "An Areal Location of Agade", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 49 (3): 205–245, doi:10.1086/373442, JSTOR 546244
Weiss, Harvey (1975), "Kish, Akkad and Agade", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 95 (3): 434–453, doi:10.2307/599355, JSTOR 599355

[1] [1]
Foster (2013): "Akkad was originally the name of an area and city near the confluence of the Diyala and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia (Adams 1965; Weiss 1997). The meaning of the word is unknown. After it became the seat of the Sargonic Dynasty around 2300 bce, Akkad as a territory expanded to mean northern Babylonia, from north of Nippur to Sippar. The city of the same name is first attested in the late Early Dynastic period, became an imperial capital in the Sargonic period, and was still occupied in the second millennium. By the mid‐first millennium the city's cults had been transferred elsewhere and the former capital was a famous ruin. In modern scholarship, the city is often distinguished from the region by calling it Agade. Its location has not been identified."

[Adheim-2] [2]
"Akkade may thus be one of the many large tells on the confluence of the Adheim River with the Tigris" (Sallaberger, and Westenholz 1999, p. 32.

[1]

[2]

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