Raja Semesta Alam

Raja Semesta Alam (Sumeria: lugal ki-sár-ra^[1] atau lugal kiš-ki,^[2] Akkadia: šarru kiššat māti,^[1] šar-kiššati^[1] atau šar kiššatim^[3]), yang juga ditafsirkan bermakna Raja Segala-galanya, Raja Seberinda, Raja Semuanya^[2] atau Raja Dunia,^[4] adalah gelar teramat mulia yang mengklaim kedaulatan atas seluruh dunia, yang dipakai para penguasa di Mesopotamia Kuno. Gelar ini kadang-kadang ditujukan kepada Allah dalam tradisi Yahudi-Kristen.

Raja Sargon II, kepala negara Kekaisaran Asyur Baru (kanan), bergelar Raja Besar, Raja Perkasa, Raja Semesta Alam, Raja Asyur, Raja Babel, Raja Sumer dan Akad. Prasasti tersimpan di British Museum, London.

Inskripsi peninggalan raja Akad Rimush yang ditorehkan pada cangkang siput batu dari genus Murex, terbaca "Rimush, Raja Kish". Pada masa Rimush, "Raja Kish" bermakna "Raja Semesta Alam". Kini tersimpan di Louvre, Paris.

Referensi

Catatan

Kutipan

1. Levin 2002, hlm. 362.
2. Steinkeller 2013, hlm. 146.
3. Roaf & Zgoll 2001, hlm. 284.
4. Stevens 2014, hlm. 73.

Daftar pustaka

• Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1902). "Antiochus III and His Title 'Great-King'". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 22: 241–244. doi:10.2307/623929. JSTOR 623929.
• Brinkman, J. A. (1968). Political history of Post-Kassite Babylonia (1158-722 b. C.) (A). Gregorian Biblical BookShop.
• Brinkman, J. A. (1990). "Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur". Dalam Ebeling, Erich; Meissner, Bruno; Edzard, Dietz Otto. Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archãologie: Libanukšbas̆ - Medizin (Vol 7). Walter De Gruyter.
• Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415569675.
• Da Riva, Rocío (2013). The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1614515876.
• Dalley, Stephanie (2013). "Gods from north‐eastern and north‐western Arabia in cuneiform texts from the First Sealand Dynasty, and a cuneiform inscription from Tell en‐Naṣbeh, c.1500 BC". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 24 (2): 177–185. doi:10.1111/aae.12005.
• Frahm, Eckart (1999). "Reviewed Work: Analysis of Variants in the Assyrian Royal Titulary from the Origins to Tiglath-pileser III by Barbara Cifola". Archiv für Orientforschung. 46/47: 367–373. JSTOR 41668489.
• Frye, Richard Nelson (1983). "The political history of Iran under the Sasanians". The Cambridge History of Iran. 3 (1): 116–180. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200929.006. ISBN 9781139054942.
• Handy, Lowell K. (1994). Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0931464843.
• Hill, Jane A.; Jones, Philip; Morales, Antonio J. (2013). Experiencing Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9781934536643.
• Hoover, Oliver D. (2009). Handbook of Syrian Coins: Royal and Civic Issues, Fourth to First Centuries BC. [The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 9]. Classical Numismatic Group. ISBN 978-0980238747.
• Johnson, Eric L. (1997). "Christ, the Lord of Psychology". Journal of Psychology and Theology. 25 (1): 11–27. doi:10.1177/009164719702500102. Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• Karlsson, Mattias (2013). Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology Relations of Power in the Inscriptions and Iconography of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859) and Shalmaneser III (858–824). Instutionen för lingvistik och filologi, Uppsala Universitet. ISBN 978-91-506-2363-5.
• Karlsson, Mattias (2016). Relations of Power in Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781614519683.
• Karlsson, Mattias (2017). "Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia". Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• Kuligowski, Waldemar (2014). "33 meters of sacrum. The analysis of discourses surrounding the statue of Christ the King of the Universe in Świebodzin". Art in Contemporary Cultural Systems. Central and Eastern Europe: 137–148. ISBN 978-83-63795-34-4.
• Kämmerer, Thomas R. (2014). Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions. Ugarit Verlag. ISBN 978-3868350623.
• Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad". Vetus Testamentum. 52 (3): 350–366. doi:10.1163/156853302760197494.
• Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415679060.
• Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End. University of Chicago Press.
• McIntosh, Jane R. (2017). Mesopotamia and the Rise of Civilization: History, Documents, and Key Questions. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440835469.
• Miller, James Maxwell (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664223588.
• Maeda, Tohru (1981). ""King of Kish" in Pre-Sargonic Sumer". Orient. 17: 1–17. doi:10.5356/orient1960.17.1 .
• Mondzain, Marie-José; Franses, Rico (2013). "Iconic Space and the Rule of Lands". Hypatia. 15 (4): 58–76. JSTOR 3810674.
• Peat, Jerome (1989). "Cyrus "King of Lands," Cambyses "King of Babylon": The Disputed Co-Regency". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 41 (2): 199–216. doi:10.2307/1359915. JSTOR 1359915.
• Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015). Religion and Ideology in Assyria. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-1614514824.
• Roaf, Michael; Zgoll, Annette (2001). "Assyrian Astroglyphs: Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone and the Prisms of Esarhaddon". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. 91 (2): 264–295. doi:10.1515/zava.2001.91.2.264. Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• Ristvet, Lauren (2015). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107065215.
• Rollinger, Robert (2017). "Dadusa's stela and the vexed question of identifying the main actors on the relief". Iraq. 79: 203–212. doi:10.1017/irq.2017.6.
• Steinkeller, Piotr (2013). "An archaic "prisoner plaque" from kiš". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 107: 131–157. doi:10.3917/assy.107.0131.
• Stevens, Kahtryn (2014). "The Antiochus Cylinder, Babylonian Scholarship and Seleucid Imperial Ideology" (PDF). The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 134: 66–88. doi:10.1017/S0075426914000068. JSTOR 43286072.
• Van De Mieroop, Marc (2005). Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415195331.
• Yamada, Shigeo (2014). "Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III: Chronographic-Literary Styles and the King's Portrait". Orient. 49: 31–50. doi:10.5356/orient.49.31 .
• Zimansky, Paul E. (1985). "Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State". Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC). 41: 295–310.

Situs web

• "Daniel 4:3 - BibleGateway". www.biblegateway.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 24 March 2019.
• "The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 17 February 2019.
• "Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)". psd.museum.upenn.edu (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 17 February 2019.
• Farrokh, Kaveh. "A New Translation of the Cyrus Cylinder by the British Museum". kavehfarrokh.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2019. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• "La civilisation écrite sous l'empire d'Akkad". cartelen.louvre.fr (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 29 March 2019.
• "Livius - Cyrus Cylinder Translation". www.livius.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2019. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
• "Psalm 47:2 - BibleGateway". www.biblegateway.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 24 March 2019.
• Rich, Tracey R. (1998). "Judaism 101–Common Prayers and Blessings". www.jewfaq.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 24 March 2019.
• Yanli, Chen; Yuhong, Wu (2017). "The Names of the Leaders and Diplomats of Marḫaši and Related Men in the Ur III Dynasty". cdli.ucla.edu (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 January 2019. Diakses tanggal 20 January 2019. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)