Pemboikotan bus Montgomery adalah sebuah kampanye politik dan sosial menentang kebijakan segregasi ras pada sistem angkutan umum di Montgomery, Alabama. Hal ini merupakan peristiwa awal dalam berlangsungnya gerakan hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat. Kampanye tersebut berlangsung dari 5 Desember 1955—hari Senin setelah Rosa Parks, seorang wanita Afrika-Amerika, ditangkap karena penolakannya untuk menyerahkan kursinya kepada orang kulit putih—berakhir 20 Desember 1956, ketika keputusan federal Browder v. Gayle mulai berlaku, menghasilkan keputusan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat yang menyatakan undang-undang Alabama dan Montgomery bahwa bus terpisah tidak konstitusional.[1][2]
Fakta Singkat Tanggal, Lokasi ...
Pemboikotan bus Montgomery |
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![Thumb](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/300px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg) Rosa Parks saat sidik jarinya diambil oleh Deputi Sheriff D.H. Lackey setelah penangkapannya karena memboikot transportasi umum |
Tanggal | 05 Desember 1955 (1955-12-05) – 20 Desember 1956 (1956-12-20) |
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Lokasi | Montgomery, Alabama, A.S. |
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Sebab |
- Penerapan pemisahan ras di moda transportasi umum
- Keberhasilan Boikot bus Baton Rouge selama enam hari
- Claudette Colvin ditangkap
- Rosa Parks ditangkap
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Hasil |
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- Women's Political Council (WPC)
- Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
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- Komisi Kota Montgomery
- National City Lines
- Garis Kota Montgomery
- Montgomery Citizens Council
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Komisi Kota
- W. A. Gayle, Presiden Komisi (walikota)
- Frank Parks, Komisaris
- Penjual Clyde, Komisaris Polisi
Garis Kota Nasional
- Kenneth E. Totten, wakil presiden
Garis Kota Montgomery
- J.H. Bagley, manajer
- Jack Crenshaw, pengacara
- James F. Blake, sopir bus
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Tutup
- Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women's Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don't Cry, and From the Mississippi ContributionsDelta", Journal of Women's History, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.
- Branch, Taylor. Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63 (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5
- Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5
- Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"
- Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1
- Garrow, David J., editor, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987). ISBN 0-87049-527-5
- King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom. ISBN 0-06-250490-8
- Morris, Aldon D., The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984). ISBN 0-02-922130-7
- Parks, Rosa (1992). My Story. New York: Dial Books.
- Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South. ISBN 0-14-006753-1
- Robnett, Belinda. How Long? How Long?: African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford University Press. (1997) ISBN 978-0195114904
- Thornton III, J. Mills. "Challenge and Response in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956." Alabama Review 67.1 (2014): 40–112.
- Thornton III, J. Mills. Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma (2002) excerpt
- Walsh, Frank, Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- Williams, Juan, Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988). ISBN 0-14-009653-1
- Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists, at Penn State University, includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Montgomery Bus Boycott article, Encyclopedia of Alabama Diarsipkan 2013-05-14 di Wayback Machine.
- Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Includes cross-referenced text, historical documents and streaming audio, presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University
- The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African-American History
- Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
- Learning From Rosa Parks, The Indypendent
- Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser Diarsipkan December 13, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
- Civil Rights Era Mug Shots, Montgomery County Sheriff's Office, Alabama Department of Archives & History
- Martin Luther King and the "Montgomery Story" Comic Book - 1956
- Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents Online collection of original boycott documents and articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive.
- Montgomery Bus Boycott, Civil Rights Digital Library.
- The Boycott, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks.