Frenologi

Frenologi (dari bahasa Yunani: φρήν, phrēn, "pikiran"; dan λόγος, logos, "pengetahuan") adalah ilmu semu yang berupaya mempelajari hubungan antara karakter seseorang dengan tengkorak manusia. Bidang ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa otak adalah organ pikiran, dan beberapa wilayah otak terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi yang terlokalisasi.^[1] Frenologi dikembangkan oleh dokter Jerman Franz Joseph Gall pada tahun 1796,^[2] dan sangat populer pada abad ke-19, terutama dari tahun 1810 hingga 1840. Namun, kini frenologi sudah tidak akurat dan dianggap sebagai neuroanatomi primitif. Meskipun begitu, pemikiran frenologis telah memengaruhi psikiatri pada abad ke-19 dan neurosains modern. Asumsi Gall bahwa karakter, pemikiran, dan emosi terlokalisasi di beberapa bagian otak juga dianggap sebagai langkah menuju neuropsikologi.^[3][4]

Pemetaan otak berdasarkan frenologi pada tahun 1883.

Catatan

1. Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-56025-9 hal.14, 23, 131
2. Graham, Patrick. (2001) Phrenology [videorecording (DVD)]: revealing the mysteries of the mind . Richmond Hill, Ont.: American Home Treasures. ISBN 0-7792-5135-0
3. Fodor, JA. (1983) The Modularity of Mind. MIT Press. pp. 14, 23, 131
4. Simpson, D. (2005) "Phrenology and the Neurosciences: Contributions of F. J. Gall and J. G. Spurzheim" ANZ Journal of Surgery. Oxford. Vol. 75.6; hal. 475

Pranala luar

• Manual of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2023-07-25 di Wayback Machine. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall, on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain: translated from the 4th French ed
• A System of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2023-02-05 di Wayback Machine. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, George Combe's A system of phrenology
• New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology Diarsipkan 2023-07-25 di Wayback Machine. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896)
• The History of Phrenology on the Web Diarsipkan 2023-07-11 di Wayback Machine. by John van Wyhe, PhD.
• Phrenology: an Overview Diarsipkan 2007-11-29 di Wayback Machine. includes The History of Phrenology by John van Wyhe, PhD.
• The Phrenology Pages Diarsipkan 2021-01-25 di Wayback Machine., a Belgian site advocating phrenology.
• Phrenology Today! Diarsipkan 2009-03-03 di Wayback Machine. Russian portal, advocating phrenology. Articles on so-called modern phrenology.
• Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.. Diarsipkan 2023-06-12 di Wayback Machine.
• Joseph Vimont: Traité de phrénologie humaine et comparée. (Paris, 1832-1835) Diarsipkan 2007-05-15 di Wayback Machine.. Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
• Jean-Claude Vimont: Phrénologie à Rouen, les moulages du musée Flaubert d'histoire de la médecine Diarsipkan 2012-03-01 di Wayback Machine.
• Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience Diarsipkan 2011-01-05 di Wayback Machine. - by Steven Novella MD
• Historical Deadwood Newspaper accounts of C. R. Broadbent well known speaker on Phrenology and Physiology visit Deadwood SD 1878 Diarsipkan 2022-03-27 di Wayback Machine.
• The Skeptic's Dictionary Diarsipkan 2007-04-05 di Wayback Machine. by Robert Todd Carroll
• Who Named It? Franz Joseph Gall Diarsipkan 2007-01-01 di Wayback Machine. Biography of Franz Joseph Gall and his creation: Phrenology.
• Phrenology by George Burgess (1829-1905) Diarsipkan 2013-11-03 di Wayback Machine. George Burgess, Phrenologist in Bristol, England 1861-1901.
• History of the Phrenology Bust as developed by Spurzheim Diarsipkan 2010-04-24 di Wayback Machine.
• George Combe's Elements of Phrenology. Diarsipkan 2009-08-06 di Wayback Machine.
• Psychophysiognomy Today! Diarsipkan 2023-06-01 di Wayback Machine. Polish portal, advocating psychophy siognomy. Articles on modern psychophy siognomy and the current use of psychophy siognomy in the personal consultation
• Phrenology Tools of the Trade.^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
• Early accounts of Phrenology practice^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
• Brain and Mind (electronic magazine on Neuroscience) Modern Phrenology Offshoots of Phrenology: Craniology and Anthropometry Diarsipkan 2023-05-19 di Wayback Machine.
• Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Course material. Diarsipkan 2011-03-04 di Wayback Machine.