वियतनाम युद्ध (1 नवम्बर 1955 - 30 अप्रैल 1975) शीतयुद्ध काल में वियतनाम, लाओस तथा कंबोडिया की धरती पर लड़ी गयी एक भयंकर लड़ाई का नाम है। प्रथम हिन्दचीन युद्ध के बाद आरम्भ हुआ यह युद्ध उत्तरी वियतनाम (कम्युनिस्ट मित्रों द्वारा समर्थित) तथा दक्षिण वियतनाम की सरकार (यूएसए और अन्य साम्यवादविरोधी देशों द्वारा समर्थित) के बीच में लड़ा गया। इसे "द्वितीय हिन्दचीन युद्ध" भी कहते हैं। इसे शीतयुद्ध के दौरान साम्यवादी और—विचारधारा के मध्य एक प्रतीकात्मक युद्ध के रूप में देखा जाता है।
सामान्य तथ्य तिथि, स्थान ...
वियतनाम युद्ध
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| हिन्दचीन युद्ध और शीतयुद्ध का भाग |
वियतनाम युद्ध के भयंकर दृष्य |
| तिथि |
1 November 1955[A 1] – 30 अप्रैल 1975 (1975-04-30)
(19 साल, 5 माह, 4 सप्ताह और 1 दिन) |
| स्थान |
दक्षिणी वियतनाम, उत्तरी वियतनाम, कम्बोडिया, लाओस, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand |
| परिणाम |
North Vietnamese victory
- Withdrawal of U.S. forces
- Expulsion of U.S. civilian/military staff from Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam
- Communist forces take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
- Reunification of Vietnam
- Start of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War
- Start of the boat people crisis and Indochina refugee crisis
|
क्षेत्रीय
बदलाव |
Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. |
|
| योद्धा |
|
Military support:
Other support
साँचा:देश आँकड़े People's Republic of Bulgaria[17][16] साँचा:देश आँकड़े Hungarian People's Republic[14][16] साँचा:देश आँकड़े Socialist Republic of Romania[18][16]  स्वीडन[19][20]
|
Military support:
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| सेनानायक |
 हो चि मिन्ह † Huỳnh Tấn Phát- Nguyễn Hữu Thọ
- Hoàng Văn Thái
- Nguyễn Chí Thanh †
- Trần Văn Trà
- Nguyễn Văn Linh
- Lê Trọng Tấn
- Lê Đức Anh
- Mme Nguyễn Thị Định
- Võ Chí Công
- Mme Nguyễn Thị Bình
- Võ Văn Kiệt
 Souphanouvong- Kaysone Phomvihane
- Phoumi Vongvichit
- Nouhak Phoumsavanh
 Norodom Sihanouk- Son Sann
 पोल पॉट
|
|
| शक्ति/क्षमता |
≈860,000 (1967)
 North Vietnam: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Việt Cộng)[26]- Việt Cộng: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)[27][28]
 China: 170,000 (1967)[29][30][31]- GRUNK: 70,000 (1972)[32]
- Pathet Lao: 48,000 (1960)[33]
 North Korea: 200[34]
|
≈1,420,000 (1968)
 South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)
1,500,000 (1974–75)[35] United States: 543,000 (April 1969)[36][37] Laos 72,000 Royal Army and Hmong[38][39] Cambodia 200,000 (1973)[40] South Korea: 50,003 Thailand: 32,000 in Vietnam[41] and Laos[42] Australia: 7,672 Philippines: 2,061 New Zealand: 552[28]
|
| मृत्यु एवं हानि |
- North Vietnam & Việt Cộng
- 65,000–182,000 civilian dead[43][44][45]
- 849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)[46][47][48]
- 666,000–950,765 dead (per US; 1964–74)[a][43][49]
- 600,000+ wounded[50]
- China
≈1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded[31]
- North Korea
14 dead[51]
 Soviet Union
16 dead[52]
Total military dead: ≈667,130–951,895
Total military wounded: ≈604,200 (excluding GRUNK and Pathet Lao) |
- South Vietnam
- 195,000–430,000 civilian dead[43][44][53]
- 254,256–313,000 military dead[54]
- 1,170,000 wounded[56]
- United States
58,318 dead;[57] 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)[A 2]
- Laos
15,000 dead[63]
- Cambodia
Unknown
- South Korea
5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing
- Australia[64]
521 dead; 3,129 wounded
- Thailand
351 dead[65]
- New Zealand
37 dead[66]
 Taiwan
25 dead[67]- Philippines
9 dead;[68] 64 wounded[69]
Total military dead: 333,620–392,364
Total wounded: ≈1,340,000+[56]
(excluding FARK and FANK)
|
- Vietnamese civilian dead: 627,000–2,000,000[44][70][71]
- Vietnamese total dead: 966,000[43]–3,812,000[72]
- Cambodian Civil War dead: 275,000–310,000[73][74][75]
- Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000[72]
- Non-Indochinese military dead: 65,494
- Total dead: 1,326,494–4,249,494
- For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War
|
| a Upper figure initial estimate, later thought to be inflated by at least 30% (lower figure), possibly includes civilians misidentified as combatants, see Vietnam War body count controversy[43][49] |
बंद करें
लाओस ओर कम्बोडिया के साथ वियतनाम हिन्दचीन का एक देश फ्रांस के औपनिवेशिक शासन में था।स्वतंत्रता के संघर्ष में वियतनामी राष्ट्रवादियों को दक्षिणी वियतनाम में मिली असफलता इस युद्ध का प्रमुख कारण था।
शीत युद्ध के दौर के सबसे भीषण सैन्य संघर्षों में से एक वियतनाम युद्ध (1 नवम्बर 1955 - 30 अप्रैल 1975) हैं। जहां एक तरफ चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य और अन्य साम्यवादी देशों से समर्थन प्राप्त उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना थी तो दूसरी तरफ अमेरिका और मित्र देशों के साथ कंधे से कंधा मिला कर लड़ रही दक्षिणी वियतनाम की सेना।
वियतनाम युद्ध के चरम पर होने और अमेरिका के मित्र देशों की सेना की भीषण मारक क्षमता को भली भांति जानते हुए भी 'लाओस' ने अपनी धरती उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना के लिये मुहैया करा दी। इस एक निर्णय ने लाओस के भविष्य को बारूद के ढेर के नीचे हमेशा हमेशा के लिये दबा दिया।
अभी तक सिर्फ वियतनाम से ही लड़ रहीं अमेरिका की फ़ौज को एक छोटे से देश लाओस के इस निर्णय पर गुस्सा आ गया। दरअसल लाओस में बैठी उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना इस देश को अपने सप्लाई रूट और दक्षिण वियतनाम पर भीषण हमला करने के लिये इस्तेमाल करने लगी और यह महाशक्ति अमेरिका को मंज़ूर नहीं हुआ ।
उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना और छोटे से देश लाओस को सबक सिखाने के लिए अमेरिकी सेना ने यहां सबसे भीषण हवाई हमले की योजना बनाई। अमेरिका की वायुसेना ने दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया के इस छोटे से देश लाओस पर ढेर सारे मात्रा में बम गिराए ।
लाओस में वर्ष 1964 से लेकर 1973 तक पूरे नौ साल अमेरिकी वायुसेना ने हर आठ मिनट में बम गिराए। मीडिया रिपोर्ट्स के अनुसार नौ सालों में अमेरिका ने लगभग 260 मिलयन क्लस्टर बम वियतनाम पर दागे हैं जो कि इराक के ऊपर दागे गए कुल बमों से 210 मिलियन अधिक हैं। लाओस में अमेरिका ने इतने क्लस्टर बम दागे थे कि दुनिया भर में इन बमों से शिकार हुए कुल लोगों में से आधे लोग लाओस के ही हैं।
अमेरिका द्वारा लाओस पर की गई बमबारी को लेकर हुए खुलासों के अनुसार अमेरिका ने नौ सालों तक प्रतिदिन 2 मिलियन डॉलर सिर्फ और सिर्फ लाओस पर बमबारी करने में ही खर्च किए थे।
1954 में जेनेवा समझौते के तहत लाओस और कम्बोडिया को स्वतंत्रता मिली थी।
The Cuban Military Under Castro, 1989. p. 76
Cuba in the World, 1979. p. 66
Margaret K. Gnoinska (March 2005). "Poland and Vietnam, 1963: New Evidence on Secret Communist Diplomacy and the "Maneli Affair"". Cold War International History Project (Working Paper #45). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.401.5833. "Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s". Library of Congress. 1992. मूल से 5 दिसंबर 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 जून 2020. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)…
"Sweden announces support to Viet Cong". HISTORY.com. मूल से 25 मई 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 20 July 2016. In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.
Weil, Thomas E. et. al. Area Handbook for Brazil (1975), p. 293
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. पृ॰ 31. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-9832220268. मूल (PDF) से 16 अक्तूबर 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 17 October 2015. The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.
Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.". According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.
Doyle, The North, pp. 45–49
"Archived copy". मूल से 2 दिसंबर 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 एप्रिल 2010.सीएस1 रखरखाव: Archived copy as title (link) Soames, John. A History of the World, Routledge, 2005.
Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973, Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"
Tucker, Spencer E. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099611 Kueter, Dale. Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended. AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). ISBN 978-1425969318 T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)
Sliwinski, Marek (1995). Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique [The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis]. Paris: L'Harmattan. पपृ॰ 42–43, 48. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-2738435255.
Due to the early presence of U.S. troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high level review by the Department of Defense (DoD) and through the efforts of Richard B. Fitzgibbon's family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955.[1] U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.[2]
Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956,[3] whereas some view 26 September 1959, when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date.[4]
The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care[58] the CRS (Congressional Research Service) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010,[59] and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant.[60] Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths,[61] and the 2007 book Vietnam Sons gives a figure of 58,226)[62]
