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नीचे विद्युत तथा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी के इतिहास में हुए अनुसंधानों की सूची नीचे दी गयी है।[1][2]
खोजों के इतिहास की समयरेखा
| वर्ष | घटना |
|---|---|
| 1600 | English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments. |
| 1705 | English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand |
| 1720 | English scientist Stephen Gray discovered insulators and conductors |
| 1745 | German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars |
| 1752 | American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite, and explained how Leyden jars work |
| 1780 | Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered the Galvanic action in living tissue |
| 1783 | French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated Coulomb's law |
| 1785 | French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation to an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis. |
| 1800 | Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery |
| 1816 | English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph |
| 1820 | Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field |
| 1820 | One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed right-hand screw rule |
| 1821 | German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity |
| 1825 | English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet |
| 1827 | German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance |
| 1831 | English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently) |
| 1831 | American scientist Joseph Henry in United States developed a prototype DC motor |
| 1832 | French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator |
| 1833 | Michael Faraday developed laws of electrolysis |
| 1833 | Michael Faraday invented thermistor |
| 1833 | English Samuel Hunter Christie invented Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it) |
| 1836 | Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented transformer in Ireland |
| 1837 | English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay |
| 1839 | French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect |
| 1844 | American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code |
| 1845 | German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two laws now known as Kirchoff's Circuit laws |
| 1850 | Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator |
| 1855 | First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne |
| 1856 | Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony |
| 1856 | First electrically powered light house in England |
| 1860 | German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented Microphone |
| 1862 | Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published four equations bearing his name |
| 1866 | Transatlantic telegraph cable |
| 1873 | Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna. |
| 1876 | Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented electric carbon arc lamp |
| 1876 | Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone |
| 1877 | First street lighting in Paris, France |
| 1877 | American inventor Thomas Alva Edison invented phonograph |
| 1877 | German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed primitive loud speaker |
| 1878 | First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England |
| 1878 | English engineer Joseph Swan invented Incandescent light bulb |
| 1879 | American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered Hall Effect |
| 1879 | Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long lasting filament for the incandescent lamp. |
| 1880 | French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity |
| 1882 | First thermal power stations in London and New York |
| 1883 | English physicist J J Thomson invented waveguides |
| 1887 | German American inventor Emile Berliner invented gramophone record |
| 1888 | German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved that electro magnetic waves travel over some distance. (First indication of radio communication) |
| 1888 | Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same device[3][4] |
| 1890 | Thomas Alva Edison invented fuse |
| 1893 | During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago electrical units were defined |
| 1894 | Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov developed a prototype of a radio receiver |
| 1896 | First successful intercontinental telegram |
| 1897 | German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) |
| 1900 | Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in first radio broadcast |
| 1901 | First transatlantic radio broadcast by Guglielmo Marconi |
| 1901 | American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented Fluorescent lamp |
| 1904 | English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented diode |
| 1906 | American inventor Lee de Forest invented triode |
| 1908 | Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid the principles of Television. |
| 1911 | Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity |
| 1912 | American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed Electronic oscillator |
| 1915 | French phyisicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar |
| 1917 | American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented crystal oscillator |
| 1918 | French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented multivibrator |
| 1919 | Edwin Howard Armstrong developed standard AM radio receiver |
| 1921 | Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units |
| 1925 | Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later) |
| 1926 | Yagi-Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda |
| 1927 | American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier |
| 1927 | German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube |
| 1928 | First experimental Television broadcast in the US. |
| 1929 | First public TV broadcast in Germany |
| 1931 | First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union |
| 1936 | Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed FM detector circuit. |
| 1936 | Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented Printed circuit board |
| 1936 | Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier. |
| 1938 | Russian American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed Iconoscope |
| 1939 | Edwin Howard Armstrong developed FM radio receiver |
| 1939 | Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US. |
| 1941 | German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin |
| 1944 | Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube |
| 1945 | Transatlantic telephone cable |
| 1947 | American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented transistor. |
| 1948 | Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography |
| 1950 | French physicist Alfred Kastler invented MASER |
| 1951 | First nuclear power plant in the US |
| 1953 | First fully transistorized computer in the US |
| 1958 | American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) |
| 1960 | American engineer Theodore Harold Maiman invented the LASER |
| 1962 | Nick Holonyak Jr. invented the LED |
| 1963 | First home Videocassette recorder (VCR) |
| 1963 | Electronic calculator |
| 2008 | American scientist Richard Stanley Williams invented memristor which was proposed by Leon O. Chua in 1971 |
सम्बन्धित खोजों की समयरेखा
| इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी के इतिहास की समयरेखा | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| तिथि | खोज | खोजकर्ता | ||||||
| 1878 | कैथोड किरणें | क्रूक्स (Crookes) | ||||||
| 1895 | एक्स-किरण | रोएन्टजन | ||||||
| 1900 | Old quantum theory | Planck | ||||||
| 1905 | Theory of relativity | Einstein | ||||||
| 1918 | Atomic transmutation | Rutherford | ||||||
| 1932 | Neutron | Chadwick | ||||||
| 1932 | Particle accelerator | Crockcroft and Walton | ||||||
| 1935 | Scanning electron microscope | Knoll | ||||||
| 1937 | Xerography | Carlson | ||||||
| 1937 | Oscillograph | Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen | ||||||
| 1950 | Modem | MIT and Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1950 | Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic) | Karnaugh | ||||||
| 1952 | Digital voltmeter | Kay | ||||||
| 1954 | Solar battery | Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson | ||||||
| 1956 | Transatlantic telephone cable | UK and U.S. | ||||||
| 1957 | Sputnik I satellite | Soviet Union | ||||||
| 1957 | Nuclear Missile | Kurchatov / Soviet Union | ||||||
| 1957 | FORTRAN programming language | Watson Scientific | ||||||
| 1959 | First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914) | Xerox | ||||||
| 1959 | Veroboard (Stripboard) | Terry Fitzpatrick | ||||||
| 1961 | Electronic clock | Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840. | ||||||
| 1963 | First commercially successful audio compact cassette | Philips Corporation | ||||||
| 1964 | BASIC programming language | Kemeny and Kurtz | ||||||
| 1964 | Liquid-crystal display | George H. Heilmeier | ||||||
| 1966 | Optical fiber communications | Kao and Hockham | ||||||
| late 1960s | First digital fax machine | Dacom | ||||||
| 1969 | UNIX operating system | AT&T's Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1970 | First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) | Intel | ||||||
| 1970 | First commercially available DRAM memory | IBM | ||||||
| 1971 | EPROM | N/A | ||||||
| 1971 | PASCAL programming language | Wirth | ||||||
| 1971 | First microcomputer-on-a-chip | Texas Instruments | ||||||
| 1971 | Laser printer | Xerox | ||||||
| 1972 | 8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) | Intel | ||||||
| 1972 | First programmable word processor | Automatic Electronic Systems | ||||||
| 1972 | 5¼-inch diskette | N/A | ||||||
| 1972 | First modern ATM machine (IBM 2984) | IBM | ||||||
| 1973 | Josephson junction | IBM | ||||||
| 1973 | Tunable continuous-wave laser | Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1973 | Ethernet | Metcalfe | ||||||
| 1973 | Mobile phone | John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola | ||||||
| 1974 | C (programming language) | Kernighan, Ritchie | ||||||
| 1974 | Programmable pocket calculator | Hewlett-Packard | ||||||
| 1975 | BASIC for personal computers | Allen | ||||||
| 1975 | First personal computer (Altair 8800) | Roberts | ||||||
| 1975 | Digital camera | Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak | ||||||
| 1975 | Integrated optical circuits | Reinhart and Logan | ||||||
| 1975 | Omni-font optical character recognition system | Nuance Communications | ||||||
| 1975 | CCD flatbed scanner | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
| 1975 | Text-to-speech synthesis | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
| 1975 | First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
| 1976 | Apple I computer | Wozniak, Jobs | ||||||
| 1977 | Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80 | Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
| 1977 | First handheld electronic game (Auto Race) | Mattel | ||||||
| 1978 | WordPerfect 1.0 | Satellite Software | ||||||
| 1980 | 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) | N/A | ||||||
| 1980 | VIC-20 | Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
| 1981 | IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor) | IBM | ||||||
| 1981 | MS-DOS 1.0 | Microsoft | ||||||
| 1981 | "Wet" solar cell | Bayer AG | ||||||
| 1982 | Commodore 64 | Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
| 1982 | First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition | Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems | ||||||
| 1983 | Satellite television | U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc. | ||||||
| 1983 | First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT) | IBM | ||||||
| 1983 | C++ (programming language) | Stroostrup | ||||||
| 1984 | Macintosh computer (introduced) | Apple Computer | ||||||
| 1984 | CD-ROM player for personal computers | Philips | ||||||
| 1984 | First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments | Kurzweil Music Systems | ||||||
| 1984 | Amiga computer (introduced) | Commodore | ||||||
| 1985 | 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber | AT&T, Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1987 | Warmer superconductivity | Karl Alex Mueller | ||||||
| 1987 | 80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) | Intel | ||||||
| 1989 | First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000) | Magellan Navigation Inc. | ||||||
| 1989 | Silicon-germanium transistors | IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson | ||||||
| 1990 | 486 microprocessor (33 MHz) | Intel | ||||||
| 1993 | Weather Control Device / HAARP | U.S. | ||||||
| 1994 | Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) | Intel | ||||||
| 1994 | Bluetooth | Ericsson | ||||||
| 1994 | First DVD player ever made | Tatung Company | ||||||
| 1996 | Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) | Digital Equipment | ||||||
| 1996 | P2SC processor (15 million transistors) | IBM | ||||||
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