विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी की समयरेखा

नीचे विद्युत तथा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी के इतिहास में हुए अनुसंधानों की सूची नीचे दी गयी है।^[1][2]

खोजों के इतिहास की समयरेखा

वर्ष	घटना
1600	English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments.
1705	English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand
1720	English scientist Stephen Gray discovered insulators and conductors
1745	German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars
1752	American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite, and explained how Leyden jars work
1780	Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered the Galvanic action in living tissue
1783	French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated Coulomb's law
1785	French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation to an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis.
1800	Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery
1816	English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph
1820	Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field
1820	One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed right-hand screw rule
1821	German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity
1825	English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet
1827	German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance
1831	English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently)
1831	American scientist Joseph Henry in United States developed a prototype DC motor
1832	French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator
1833	Michael Faraday developed laws of electrolysis
1833	Michael Faraday invented thermistor
1833	English Samuel Hunter Christie invented Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it)
1836	Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented transformer in Ireland
1837	English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay
1839	French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect
1844	American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code
1845	German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two laws now known as Kirchoff's Circuit laws
1850	Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator
1855	First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne
1856	Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony
1856	First electrically powered light house in England
1860	German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented Microphone
1862	Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published four equations bearing his name
1866	Transatlantic telegraph cable
1873	Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna.
1876	Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented electric carbon arc lamp
1876	Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone
1877	First street lighting in Paris, France
1877	American inventor Thomas Alva Edison invented phonograph
1877	German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed primitive loud speaker
1878	First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England
1878	English engineer Joseph Swan invented Incandescent light bulb
1879	American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered Hall Effect
1879	Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long lasting filament for the incandescent lamp.
1880	French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity
1882	First thermal power stations in London and New York
1883	English physicist J J Thomson invented waveguides
1887	German American inventor Emile Berliner invented gramophone record
1888	German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved that electro magnetic waves travel over some distance. (First indication of radio communication)
1888	Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same device[3][4]
1890	Thomas Alva Edison invented fuse
1893	During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago electrical units were defined
1894	Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov developed a prototype of a radio receiver
1896	First successful intercontinental telegram
1897	German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
1900	Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in first radio broadcast
1901	First transatlantic radio broadcast by Guglielmo Marconi
1901	American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented Fluorescent lamp
1904	English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented diode
1906	American inventor Lee de Forest invented triode
1908	Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid the principles of Television.
1911	Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity
1912	American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed Electronic oscillator
1915	French phyisicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar
1917	American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented crystal oscillator
1918	French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented multivibrator
1919	Edwin Howard Armstrong developed standard AM radio receiver
1921	Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units
1925	Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later)
1926	Yagi-Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda
1927	American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier
1927	German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube
1928	First experimental Television broadcast in the US.
1929	First public TV broadcast in Germany
1931	First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union
1936	Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed FM detector circuit.
1936	Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented Printed circuit board
1936	Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier.
1938	Russian American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed Iconoscope
1939	Edwin Howard Armstrong developed FM radio receiver
1939	Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US.
1941	German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin
1944	Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube
1945	Transatlantic telephone cable
1947	American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented transistor.
1948	Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography
1950	French physicist Alfred Kastler invented MASER
1951	First nuclear power plant in the US
1953	First fully transistorized computer in the US
1958	American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC)
1960	American engineer Theodore Harold Maiman invented the LASER
1962	Nick Holonyak Jr. invented the LED
1963	First home Videocassette recorder (VCR)
1963	Electronic calculator
2008	American scientist Richard Stanley Williams invented memristor which was proposed by Leon O. Chua in 1971

सम्बन्धित खोजों की समयरेखा

इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी के इतिहास की समयरेखा
तिथि	खोज	खोजकर्ता
1878	कैथोड किरणें	क्रूक्स (Crookes)
1895	एक्स-किरण	रोएन्टजन
1900	Old quantum theory	Planck
1905	Theory of relativity	Einstein
1918	Atomic transmutation	Rutherford
1932	Neutron	Chadwick
1932	Particle accelerator	Crockcroft and Walton
1935	Scanning electron microscope	Knoll
1937	Xerography	Carlson
1937	Oscillograph	Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen
1950	Modem	MIT and Bell Labs
1950	Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic)	Karnaugh
1952	Digital voltmeter	Kay
1954	Solar battery	Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson
1956	Transatlantic telephone cable	UK and U.S.
1957	Sputnik I satellite	Soviet Union
1957	Nuclear Missile	Kurchatov / Soviet Union
1957	FORTRAN programming language	Watson Scientific
1959	First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914)	Xerox
1959	Veroboard (Stripboard)	Terry Fitzpatrick
1961	Electronic clock	Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840.
1963	First commercially successful audio compact cassette	Philips Corporation
1964	BASIC programming language	Kemeny and Kurtz
1964	Liquid-crystal display	George H. Heilmeier
1966	Optical fiber communications	Kao and Hockham
late 1960s	First digital fax machine	Dacom
1969	UNIX operating system	AT&T's Bell Labs
1970	First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s)	Intel
1970	First commercially available DRAM memory	IBM
1971	EPROM	N/A
1971	PASCAL programming language	Wirth
1971	First microcomputer-on-a-chip	Texas Instruments
1971	Laser printer	Xerox
1972	8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB)	Intel
1972	First programmable word processor	Automatic Electronic Systems
1972	5¼-inch diskette	N/A
1972	First modern ATM machine (IBM 2984)	IBM
1973	Josephson junction	IBM
1973	Tunable continuous-wave laser	Bell Labs
1973	Ethernet	Metcalfe
1973	Mobile phone	John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola
1974	C (programming language)	Kernighan, Ritchie
1974	Programmable pocket calculator	Hewlett-Packard
1975	BASIC for personal computers	Allen
1975	First personal computer (Altair 8800)	Roberts
1975	Digital camera	Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak
1975	Integrated optical circuits	Reinhart and Logan
1975	Omni-font optical character recognition system	Nuance Communications
1975	CCD flatbed scanner	Kurzweil Computer Products
1975	Text-to-speech synthesis	Kurzweil Computer Products
1975	First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine)	Kurzweil Computer Products
1976	Apple I computer	Wozniak, Jobs
1977	Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80	Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines
1977	First handheld electronic game (Auto Race)	Mattel
1978	WordPerfect 1.0	Satellite Software
1980	3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB)	N/A
1980	VIC-20	Commodore Business Machines
1981	IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor)	IBM
1981	MS-DOS 1.0	Microsoft
1981	"Wet" solar cell	Bayer AG
1982	Commodore 64	Commodore Business Machines
1982	First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition	Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems
1983	Satellite television	U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.
1983	First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT)	IBM
1983	C++ (programming language)	Stroostrup
1984	Macintosh computer (introduced)	Apple Computer
1984	CD-ROM player for personal computers	Philips
1984	First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments	Kurzweil Music Systems
1984	Amiga computer (introduced)	Commodore
1985	300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber	AT&T, Bell Labs
1987	Warmer superconductivity	Karl Alex Mueller
1987	80386 microprocessor (25 MHz)	Intel
1989	First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000)	Magellan Navigation Inc.
1989	Silicon-germanium transistors	IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson
1990	486 microprocessor (33 MHz)	Intel
1993	Weather Control Device / HAARP	U.S.
1994	Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS)	Intel
1994	Bluetooth	Ericsson
1994	First DVD player ever made	Tatung Company
1996	Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz)	Digital Equipment
1996	P2SC processor (15 million transistors)	IBM