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लिपियों की सूची

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लिपियों की सूची

यहाँ विश्व की 'लेखन पद्धतियों' या लिपियों की वर्गीकृत सूची दी गई है। यह वर्गीकरण लिपियों के किसी विशेष गुण के आधार पर किया गया है जो उनकोअन्य लिपियों से अलग करता है।

पहले लिपि का नाम दिया गया है, इसके बाद उस लिपि में लिखी जाने वाली भाषाओं के नाम कोष्टक में दिए गए हैं।

चित्रात्मक/भावचित्रात्मक लिपियाँ

  • Aztec – Nahuatl – Although some proper nouns have phonetic components.[1]
  • Mixtec – Mixtec
  • Dongba – Naxi – Although this is often supplemented with syllabic Geba script.
  • Ersu Shābā – Ersu
  • Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing – Míkmaq – Does have phonetic components, however.
  • Nsibidi – Ekoi, Efik/Ibibio, Igbo
  • Testerian – used for missionary work in Mexico
  • Other Mesoamerican writing systems with the exception of Maya Hieroglyphs.

There are also symbol systems used to represent things other than language, or to represent constructed languages. Some of these are

  • Blissymbols – A constructed ideographic script used primarily in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).
  • iConji – A constructed ideographic script used primarily in social networking
  • Isotype (picture language)
  • Sona language
  • A wide variety of notations

Linear B and Asemic writing also incorporate ideograms.

शब्द-चिह्न लेखनपद्धति

व्यंजन-आधारित शब्द-चिह्नात्मक लिपियाँ

  • Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic – writing systems of Ancient Egypt
    • Egyptian hieroglyphs
      • List of Egyptian hieroglyphs by common name: A-L
      • List of Egyptian hieroglyphs by common name: M-Z

अक्षरधारित शब्दचिह्नात्मक लिपियाँ

  • Anatolian hieroglyphs – Luwian
  • Cuneiform – Sumerian, Akkadian, other Semitic languages, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian
  • Chinese characters (Hanzi) – Chinese, Japanese (called Kanji), Korean (called Hanja), Vietnamese (called Han tu, obsolete)
    • Jurchen script – Jurchen
    • Khitan large script – Khitan
    • Tangut script – Tangut
    • Zhuang script – Zhuang
    • Chữ Nôm – Vietnamese (for vernacular Vietnamese, now obsolete)
  • Eghap (or Bagam) script
  • Mayan – Chorti, Yucatec, and other Classic Maya languages
  • Yi (classical) – various Yi/Lolo languages
  • Shui script – Shui language

अक्षरात्मक

सारांश
परिप्रेक्ष्य

In a syllabary, graphemes represent syllables or moras. (Note that the 19th century term syllabics usually referred to abugidas rather than true syllabaries.)

  • Afaka – Ndyuka
  • Alaska script – Central Yup'ik
  • Cherokee – Cherokee
  • Cypriot – Mycenean Greek
  • Geba – Naxi
  • Kana – Japanese**Hiragana –
    • Katakana –
    • Man'yōgana
  • Kikakui – Mende
  • Kpelle – Kpelle
  • Linear B – Mycenean Greek
  • Nü Shu – Chinese
  • Vai – Vai
  • Woleaian – Woleaian (a likely syllabary)
  • Yi (modern) – various Yi/Lolo languages

अर्ध-अक्षरात्मक लिपियाँ (अंशतः अक्षरात्मक तथा अंशतः वर्णात्मक

  • Paleohispanic semi-sillabaries – Paleohispanic languages
    • Tartessian or Southwestern script – Tartessian or Southwestern language
    • Southeastern Iberian script – Iberian language
    • Northeastern Iberian script – Iberian language
    • Celtiberian script – Celtiberian language
  • Old Persian Cuneiform – Old Persian
  • Zhuyin fuhao – phonetic script for Chinese languages, and principal script for several Formosan languages.
  • Eskayan – Bohol, Philippines (a syllabary apparently based on an alphabet; some alphabetic characteristics remain)
  • Bamum script – Bamum (a defective syllabary, with alphabetic principles used to fill the gaps)

खण्डयुक्त लिपियाँ

सारांश
परिप्रेक्ष्य

अबजाद (Abjads)

An abjad is a segmental script containing symbols for consonants only, or where vowels are optionally written with diacritics ("pointing") or only written word-initially.

  • Aramaic
  • Arabic – Arabic, Azeri, Punjabi, Baluchi, Kashmiri, Pashto, Persian, Kurdish (vowels obligatory), Sindhi, Uighur (vowels obligatory), Urdu, and the languages of many other peoples of the Near East
  • Hebrew Square Script – Hebrew, Yiddish, and other Jewish languages
  • Jawi – Arabic, Malay
  • Manichaean script
  • Nabataean – the Nabataeans of Petra
  • Pahlavi script – Middle Persian
    • Parthian
    • Psalter
  • Phoenician – Phoenician and other Canaanite languages
  • Proto-Canaanite
  • Sabaean
    • South Arabian – Sabaic, Qatabanic, Himyaritic, and Hadhramautic
  • Sogdian
  • Samaritan (Old Hebrew) – Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew
  • Syriac – Syriac
  • Tifinagh – Tuareg
  • Ugaritic – Ugaritic, Hurrian

शुद्ध वर्णात्मक लिपियाँ

A true alphabet contains separate letters (not diacritic marks) for both consonants and vowels.

रैखिक गैरलक्षणात्मक वर्ण लिपियाँ

Thumb
Map of the writing systems in Europe.

Linear alphabets are composed of lines on a surface, such as ink on paper.

  • Uyghur Arabic alphabet (Uyghur Ereb Yéziqi) – Avestan
  • Armenian – Armenian
  • Avestan alphabet – Avestan
  • Beitha Kukju – Albanian
  • Borama – Somali
  • Caucasian Albanian alphabet – Old Udi language
  • Coptic – Egyptian
  • Cyrillic – Eastern Slavic languages (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian), eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian), the other languages of Russia, Kazakh language, Kyrgyz language, Tajik language, Mongolian language. Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are changing to the Latin alphabet but still have considerable use of Cyrillic. See Languages using Cyrillic.
  • Eclectic Shorthand
  • Elbasan – Albanian
  • Fraser – Lisu
  • Gabelsberger shorthand
  • Georgian – Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
  • Glagolitic – Old Church Slavonic
  • Gothic – Gothic
  • Greek – Greek
  • International Phonetic Alphabet
  • Kaddare – Somali
  • Latin aka Roman – originally Latin language; most current western and central European languages, Turkic languages, sub-Saharan African languages, indigenous languages of the Americas, languages of maritime Southeast Asia and languages of Oceania use developments of it. Languages using a non-Latin writing system are generally also equipped with Romanization for transliteration or secondary use.
  • Manchu – Manchu
  • Mandaic – Mandaic dialect of Aramaic
  • Mongolian – Mongolian
  • Neo-Tifinagh – Tamazight
  • N'Ko – Maninka language, Bambara, Dyula language
  • Ogham (Irish pronunciation: [oːm]) – Gaelic, Britannic, Pictish
  • Old Hungarian (in Hungarian magyar rovásírás or székely-magyar rovásírás) – Hungarian
  • Old Italic – a family of connected alphabets for the Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian, South Picene, Raetic, Venetic, Lepontic, Camunic languages
  • Old Permic (also called Abur) – Komi
  • Old Turkic – Turkic
  • Old Uyghur alphabet – Uyghur
  • Osmanya – Somali
  • Runic alphabet – Germanic languages
  • Ol Cemet' – Santali
  • Tai Lue – Lue
  • Vah  – Bassa
  • Zaghawa  – Zaghawa

लक्षणात्मक रैखिक वर्णात्मक लिपियाँ (Featural linear alphabets)

A featural script has elements that indicate the components of articulation, such as bilabial consonants, fricatives, or back vowels. Scripts differ in how many features they indicate.

  • Gregg Shorthand
  • Hangul – Korean
  • Shavian alphabet
  • Tengwar (a fictional script)
  • Visible Speech (a phonetic script)
  • Stokoe notation for American Sign Language
  • SignWriting for sign languages

दिग्दर्शी वर्णात्मक (Manual alphabets)

Manual alphabets are frequently found as parts of sign languages. They are not used for writing per se, but for spelling out words while signing.

  • American manual alphabet (used with slight modification in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Paraguay, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand)
  • British manual alphabet (used in some of the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Australia and New Zealand)
  • Catalonian manual alphabet
  • Chilean manual alphabet
  • Chinese manual alphabet
  • Dutch manual alphabet
  • Ethiopian manual alphabet (an abugida)
  • French manual alphabet
  • Greek manual alphabet
  • Icelandic manual alphabet (also used in Denmark)
  • Indian manual alphabet (a true alphabet?; used in Devanagari and Gujarati areas)
  • International manual alphabet (used in Germany, Austria, Norway, Finland)
  • Iranian manual alphabet (an abjad; also used in Egypt)
  • Israeli manual alphabet (an abjad)
  • Italian manual alphabet
  • Korean manual alphabet
  • Latin American manual alphabets
  • Polish manual alphabet
  • Portuguese manual alphabet
  • Romanian manual alphabet
  • Russian manual alphabet (also used in Bulgaria and ex-Soviet states)
  • Spanish manual alphabet (Madrid)
  • Swedish manual alphabet
  • Yugoslav manual alphabet

अन्य अरैखिक वर्ण (Other non-linear alphabets)

These are other alphabets composed of something other than lines on a surface.

  • Braille (Unified) – an embossed alphabet for the visually impaired, used with some extra letters to transcribe the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets, as well as Chinese
  • Braille (Korean)
  • Braille (American) (defunct)
  • New York Point – a defunct alternative to Braille
  • International maritime signal flags (both alphabetic and ideographic)
  • Morse code (International) – a trinary code of dashes, dots, and silence, whether transmitted by electricity, light, or sound) representing characters in the Latin alphabet.
  • American Morse code (defunct)
  • Optical telegraphy (defunct)
  • Flag semaphore – (made by moving hand-held flags)

आबूगीदा (Abugidas)

इन्हें वर्णाक्षरी (अल्फासिलैबरी) भी कहते हैं। ये 'खण्डात्मक' (segmental) लिपियाँ है जिनमें स्वर चिह्नों को दर्शाने के लिए व्यंजन पर कोई डायाक्रिटिकल चिह्न लगाया जाता है या कोई अन्य परिवर्तन/परिवर्धन कर दिया जाता है। भारत तथा दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया की प्रायः सभी लिपियाँ इसी श्रेणी में आती हैं। ये सभी ऐतिहासिक रूप से ब्राह्मी परिवार की हैं।

ब्राह्मी परिवार की आबूगीदा लिपियाँ

Thumb
A Palaung manuscript written in a Brahmic abugida

अन्य आबूगीदा लिपियाँ

  • Canadian Aboriginal syllabics – Cree syllabics (for Cree), Inuktitut syllabics (for Inuktitut), and other variants for Ojibwe, Carrier, Blackfoot, and other languages of Canada
  • Ethiopic – Amharic, Ge’ez, Oromo, Tigrigna
  • Kharoṣṭhī – Gandhari, Sanskrit
  • Mandombe
  • Meroitic – Meroë
  • Pitman Shorthand
  • Pollard script – Miao
  • Sorang Sompeng – Sora
  • Thaana – Dhivehi
  • Thomas Natural Shorthand

अन्तिम व्यंजन-डायाक्रिटिक अबुगिडा (Final consonant-diacritic abugidas)

  • Róng – Lepcha

स्वरधारित आबूगीदा लिपियाँ (Vowel-based abugidas)

  • Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand
  • Japanese Braille – Japanese
  • Pahawh Hmong – Hmong

लिपियाँ जिन्हें अभी तक समझा नहीं जा सका है।

  • Byblos syllabary – the city of Byblos
  • Isthmian (apparently logosyllabic)
  • Indus – Indus Valley Civilization
  • Quipu – Inca Empire (probably numerical only)
  • Khitan small script – Khitan
  • Cretan hieroglyphs
  • Linear A (a syllabary) – Minoan
  • Mixtec – Mixtec (perhaps pictographic)
  • Olmec – Olmec civilization (possibly the oldest Mesoamerican script)
  • Phaistos Disc (a unique text, very possibly not writing)
  • Proto-Elamite – Elam (nearly as old as Sumerian)
  • Rongorongo – Rapa Nui (perhaps a syllabary)
  • Proto-Sinaitic (likely an abjad)
  • Zapotec – Zapotec (another old Mesoamerican script)
  • Banpo symbols  – Yangshao culture (perhaps proto-writing)
  • Jiahu symbols  – Peiligang culture (perhaps proto-writing)

पाण्डुलियाँ जिन्हें अभी तक समझा नहीं गया है

  • Voynich manuscript
  • Rohonc Codex
  • Codex Seraphinianus
  • Hamptonese
  • Dorabella cipher

अन्य

सारांश
परिप्रेक्ष्य

Asemic writing is generally meaningless, though it sometimes contains ideograms or pictograms.

ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला वाली लियियाँ (Phonetic alphabets)

This section lists alphabets used to transcribe phonetic or phonemic sound; not to be confused with spelling alphabets like the ICAO spelling alphabet.

विशिष्ट वर्णमालाएँ

Alphabets may exist in forms other than visible symbols on a surface. Some of these are:

Tactile alphabets

  • Braille
  • Moon type
  • New York Point
  • Night writing

Manual alphabets

  • Fingerspelling

For example:

  • American Sign Language
  • American manual alphabet
  • Korean manual alphabet
  • Cued Speech

Long-Distance Signaling

  • International maritime signal flags
  • Morse code
  • Flag semaphore
  • Optical telegraphy

Alternative alphabets

  • Gregg Shorthand
  • Initial Teaching Alphabet
  • Pitman Shorthand
  • Quikscript

Fictional writing systems

  • Ath (alphabet)
  • Aurebesh
  • Cirth
  • D'ni
  • Goa'uld
  • Hymmnos
  • Klingon
  • On Beyond Zebra!
  • Quenya
  • Sarati
  • Sindarin
  • Tengwar
  • Unown

पशुओं द्वारा उपयोग के लिए

  • युर्किश (Yurkish) लिपि मानवेतर प्राइमेट्स के साथ 'बातचीत' करने के लिए लेक्सिग्रामों (lexigrams) का प्रयोग करती है।

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

सन्दर्भ

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