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Akan ne Harshen Tsakiyar Tano kuma babba harshe na Akan mutane na Ghana, magana a kan da yawa daga kudancin rabin na Ghana. Kimanin kashi 80% na jama'ar ƙasar na iya magana da Akan, kuma kusan kashi 44% na 'yan ƙasar Ghana masu magana ne na asali. Ana kuma magana da shi a sassan Cote d'Ivoire.
Yaren Akan | |
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akan — Akan | |
'Yan asalin magana |
harshen asali: 11,000,000 (2007) 8,314,600 (2004) |
Baƙaƙen rubutu | Baƙaƙen boko |
Lamban rijistar harshe | |
ISO 639-1 |
ak |
ISO 639-2 |
aka |
ISO 639-3 |
aka |
Glottolog |
da akan1251 akan1250 da akan1251 [1] |
Yaren Akan | |
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Default
| |
Lamban rijistar harshe | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Yaruka hudu da aka ɓullo da yadda wallafe-wallafen matsayin da jinsin orthographies: Fante, Bono, Asante, kuma Akuapem, tare da aka sani da Twi. wanda, duk da cewa ana iya fahimtar juna,[2] ba a iya samunsu a rubuce ba ga masu magana da wasu ƙa'idodi har sai lokacin da Kwamitin Akan Yaren Akan Ilimin Tarihin Akan (AOC) ya sami ci gaba na ɗabi'ar Akan a 1978, bisa akasari akan Akuapem Twi. Ana amfani da wannan rubutun a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa a makarantar firamare ta masu magana da wasu yarukan Central Tano da yawa, kamar Akyem, Anyi, Sehwi, Fante, Ahanta, sannan da kuma yaren Guang . Kwamitin Akantoci na Akan yayi aiki akan ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen rubutun rubutun.
Tare da cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika, an gabatar da harshen ga yankin Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka, musamman a Suriname, wanda Ndyuka ke magana da shi, da kuma Jamaica, wanda Maroons na Jamaica ke magana, wanda kuma ake kira Coromantee. Al'adar zuriyar bayi da suka tsere a cikin yankin Suriname da Maroons a Jamaica har yanzu suna riƙe da tasirin wannan harshe, gami da al'adar sanya sunan Akan na raɗa yara bayan ranar makon da aka haife su, misali Akwasi/Kwasi don yaro ko Akosua ga yarinyar da aka haifa a ranar Lahadi. A cikin Jamaicaa da Suriname, labaran Anansi gizo-gizo har yanzu sanannun mutane ne.[2].
A tarihi, Akans da ke zaune a Ghana sun yi ƙaura a cikin raƙuman ruwa masu zuwa tsakanin ƙarni na 11 da 18. Wasu kuma suna zaune a gabashin Ivory Coast da wasu sassan Togo. Sun yi ƙaura daga arewa don mamaye daji da yankunan bakin teku a kudu a cikin karni na 13. Akans suna da ƙa'idar tarihin baka mai ƙarfi na zamanin da suka gabata kuma sanannun su a cikin tarihin duniya don kayan tarihi na katako, ƙarfe da terracotta. Ana bayyana ra'ayoyinsu na al'adu cikin labarai da karin magana da kuma zane kamar alamomin da aka yi amfani da su a sassaƙa da kan sutura. Yanayin al'adu da tarihi na Akans a Ghana ya sanya shi yanki na bincike don fannoni daban daban kamar tatsuniya, nazarin adabi, ilimin harshe, ilimin ɗan adam da tarihi.
Yarukan Akan suna ƙunshe da faɗuwa iri-iri, jituwa tsakanin wasula, da gyaran murya.
Kafin wasula na gaba, duk baƙon Asante yana da ma'ana (ko labio-na iya magana ), kuma wuraren tsayawa suna da ɗan fa'ida. Allophones na /n/ suna da rikitarwa. A teburin da ke ƙasa, an bayyana allofan da keɓaɓɓun maganganu waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ƙananan maganganun sautin magana, a cikin mahallin wasalin /i/. Waɗannan sautunan suna faruwa kafin sauran wasula, kamar /a/, kodayake a mafi yawan lokuta ba kasafai ake samun su ba.
A Asante, /ɡu/ wasali ana furtawa /ɡʷ/, amma a Akuapem ya rage /ɡu/. Ana furta /nh/ [ŋŋ̊].
Ana iya jin kalma ta ƙarshe /k/ a matsayin tsayayyar magana [ʔ]. Hakanan akwai sakewa na /h/ da na /j w/ as [h̃] da [j̃ w̃], lokacin faruwa a gaban wasulan hanci.
teburi bayani a kasa ne a cikin tsari / phonemic /, [ karin lafazi ], Samfuri:Angle bracket Lura cewa rubutun Samfuri:Angle bracket; a litattafan, Samfuri:Angle bracket = /ɡ/ iya bambanta daga /dw/ tare da wani diacritic: d̩w Haka kuma, velar Samfuri:Angle bracket ŋw na iya zama a rubuce n̩w Orthographic Samfuri:Angle bracket YAKE palatalized [ɲᶣĩ]
Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Larfafawa | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanci | bayyananne | m | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /n / | [ ŋ, ɲ, ɲĩ] | / n / / | [ŋːʷ, ɲᶣĩ] | ||||||
geminated | / n / / | [ŋː, ɲːĩ] | / n / / | [ɲːᶣĩ] | Samfuri:Angle bracket | ||||||||
Tsaya | rashin murya | /p / | [pʰ] | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /t / | [tʰ, t ç i] | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /k / | [kʰ, tɕʰi ~ cçʰi] | / k / | [tɕᶣi] | ||
bayyana | b | Samfuri:Angle bracket | d | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /g / | [ dʒ, dʑi ~ ɟʝi] | Samfuri:Angle bracket | / ɡʷ / | [dʑᶣi] | ||||
Fricative | H | Samfuri:Angle bracket | s | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /h / | [çi] | / h / / | [çᶣi] | |||||
Sauran | / r / | [ ɾ, r, ɽ ] | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /j / | [j] | Samfuri:Angle bracket | /w / | [ɥi] | Samfuri:Angle bracket |
Yarukan Akan suna da wasula goma sha huɗu zuwa goma sha biyar: wasula masu huɗu zuwa biyar ( harshe mai ci gaba, ko + ATR), wasula "lax" guda biyar ( tushen harshe da aka janye, ko -ATR), waɗanda wadatattu ne amma ba su wakilta gaba ɗaya rubutun wasali bakwai, da wasulan hanci guda biyar, waɗanda ba sa wakiltar su kwata-kwata. Dukkanin goma sha huɗu sun bambanta a cikin haruffan Gold Coast na zamanin mulkin mallaka. Bambancin ATR a cikin rubutun a ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin wasu ƙananan fannoni na Fante, amma ba a cikin tsarin adabi ba; a cikin Asante da Akuapem akwai nau'ikan allophone na /a/, amma ATR ma babu. Wasalai biyu da aka rubuta e ( /e̘/ da /i/ ) da o ( /o̘/ da /u/ ) galibi ba a rarrabe su da yadda ake furta su.
Orthog. | + ATR | -ATR |
---|---|---|
i | /i̘/ [i̘] | |
e | /e̘/ [e̘] | /i/ [ɪ~e] |
ɛ | /e/ [ɛ] | |
a | [æ~ɐ~ə] | /a/ [a] |
ɔ | /o/ [ɔ] | |
o | /o̘/ [o̘] | /u/ [ʊ~o] |
u | /u̘/ [u̘] |
Wasulan Akan suna amfani da wani tsari na daidaita wasala da tushen harshe.
Akan yana da sautunan sauti guda uku, babba (/ H /), tsakiyar (/ M /), da ƙananan (/ L /). Sylaramar farkon haruffa na iya zama babba ko lowasa kawai.
Yanayin sauti na sautunan guda uku ya dogara da yanayin su, galibi ana saukar da shi bayan wasu sautunan, yana samar da ci gaba mai raguwa wanda aka fi sani da terracing tone .
/ H / sautunan suna da sauti iri ɗaya kamar na baya / H / ko / M / sautin a cikin jimla guda ɗaya, yayin da / M / sautunan suna da ƙaramin sauti. Wato, jerin / HH / da / MH / suna da farar ƙasa, yayin da jerin / HM / da / MM / suke da fadowa. / H / an saukar ( ƙasa ) bayan / L /.
/ L / shine sautin tsoho, wanda ke fitowa a cikin yanayi kamar fiara ƙarin prefixes. Kullum yana ƙasan zangon zangon mai magana, banda a cikin jerin / HLH /, a cikin wannan yanayin an ɗaga cikin farar amma har yanzu ana saukar da ƙarshe / H /. Don haka / HMH / da / HLH / ana furta su tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban amma suna kama da juna.
Bayan sigar “shahararr” ta farkon magana, galibi sautin farko na farko, akwai matakan hawa ƙasa. Ana yawan jaddada wannan sigar.
Akan ci gaba ne na yare wanda ya haɗa da Twi, Fante, da Wasa. Ethnologue, wanda rabe-rabensa ya ta'allaka ne akan nazarin fahimtar juna da kamanceceniya daga kalmomi masu yawa, rarraba ire-iren Akan a matsayin yaruka na babban harshen Akan, wanda yake na dangin Cental Tano. Glottolog yayi ainihin bincike iri daya, banda cewa ana ci gaba da karin yaren Akan "Akanic".
Dangane da aikin da PK Agbedor, Fante, Twi (Bono, Asante da Akuapem) suka yi, Sefwi, Wassa, Asen, Akwamu, da Kwahu sun kasance cikin lusungiyoyi na Cluster 1 na maganganun ƙasar ta Ghana, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Ethnologue ta matakin fahimtar juna.[2] Lusungiya 1 mafi kyau ana iya kiranta r-Akan, wanda ba shi da / l / a matsayin sautin murya, yayin da l-Akan yana nufin ƙungiyar gungu ta Akan da ta ƙunshi Nzema, Baoulé, Anyin da sauran yarukan da ake magana akasarinsu a cikin Ivory Coast, waɗanda ke da / l / a wurin / r /.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Harshen Akan yana da wadatattun adabi a cikin karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, da kuma sabon adabi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, gajerun labarai, da litattafai. [3] An fara rubuta wannan adabin a rubuce a ƙarshen 1800s. [4] Daga baya, Joseph Hanson Kwabena Nketia ya tattara wasu karin magana da tatsuniyoyi, wadanda suka hada da Jana'izar Jana'izar mutanen Akan (1969), wakokin gargajiya na Ghana (1963), da Wakokin Akan (1958). Wasu daga cikin mahimman marubutan cikin harshen sune AA Opoku (mai wasan kwaikwayo), EJ Osew (mai wasan kwaikwayo), KE Owusu (marubucin littattafai), da RA Tabi (marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da marubuci). Ofishin Harsunan Ghanan bai iya ci gaba da buga littattafai a cikin yaren ba, kuma waɗannan ba a buga su: Obreguo, Okrabiri, Afrakoma, Obeede, Fia Tsatsala, da Ku Di Fo Nanawu.
A cikin 1978 AOC sun kafa harshe iri ɗaya na Akan, wanda ake amfani dashi azaman matsakaiciyar koyarwa a makarantar firamare. Ana fahimtar harshen Akan don karatu da rubutu, daga aƙalla ƙananan matakin firamare (na farko na 1-3).
Ana karatun harshen Akan a manyan jami’o’i a Amurka, gami da jami’ar Ohio, da jami’ar jihar Ohio, da jami’ar Wisconsin-Madison, da jami’ar Harvard, da jami’ar Boston, da jami’ar Indiana, da jami’ar Michigan, da kuma jami’ar Florida . Akan ya kasance harshen karatun Afirka na yau da kullun a cikin shirin shekara-shekara na Hadin gwiwar Kasashen Afirka (SCALI). Ana karatun harshen Akan a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in azaman shirin bachelor ko masters.
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