Shuwa Arab

Mutanen Bangaran ( Larabci: البَقَّارَة‎ "Makiyayan shanu" ^[6] ) ko Larabawan Chadi rukuni ne na kabilun Afirika a yankin Larabawa ^[7] da ke zaune a yankin Sahel na Afirika musamman tsakanin tafkin Chadi da kudancin Kordofan, wanda suke da mutane sama da miliyan shida. ^[8] Ana kiran su Bangare a Sudan, Abbala, da . Har ila yau, an san shi a gabashin Chadi da iyal DJINED ^[9] da kuma Shuwa Arab a Kamaru, Najeriya da yammacin Chadi. Kalmar Shuwa ance ta samo asalin ne daga yaren Kanuri. ^[6]

Shuwa Arab

Jimlar yawan jama'a
1,000,000
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Cadi da Sudan
Addini
Musulunci da animism (en)

Baggara and Abbala Arabs

Baggara belt
Jimlar yawan jama'a
Over six million
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Sudan	At least 3 million in Darfur[1]
Cadi	At least 3,000,000[2]
Nigeria	303,000[3]
Cameroon	204,000 (1982) Includes Turku Arabs[4]
Nijar	150,000 Diffa Arabs in Diffa Region[5]
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya	107,000
Sudan ta Kudu	unknown
Harsuna
Chadian Arabic, Sudanese Arabic
Addini
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Kabilu masu alaƙa
Arabs (Sudanese, Bedouin groups, Juhaynah), Nubians and Chadians

 

Bangaran suna magana da harsuna dabam dabam, wanda aka sani da Larabcin Chadi. Duk da haka Bangāran na Kudancin Kordofan, saboda tuntuɓar masu zaman kansu da kuma Larabawan ƙasar Sudan makiyayan raƙuma ne na Kordofan, ya haifar da tasirin Larabci na Sudan a cikin yare na wannan yanki. ^[10] Har ila yau, suna da salon rayuwa na yau da kullum na al'ada, kiwon shanu, ko da yake a zamanin yanzu da yawansu suna rayuwa irin na kowanne mutum. Amma duk da haka, a tare ba dole ba ne dukkansu su ɗauki kansu al'umma ɗaya, wato, ƙabila ɗaya. An gabatar da kalmar "al'adar bangaran a shekarar alif 1994 ta Braukämper. ^[6]

Amfani da kalmar bangāran a siyasance a Sudan yana nuni da gungun kabilu masu magana da harshen Larabci masu alaƙa ta kud da kud da ke zaune a yankunan kudancin Darfur da Kordofan wadanda suka yi cudanya da 'yan asalin mutanen dake zaune da su a yankin, a cikin musamman mutanen Fur, mutanen Nuba da fula . Da yawa dai kawai zuriyar ƙabilun ƴan asalin da aka riga aka yi su ne kawai. ^[11] Mafi yawa daga cikin "Larabawa Bangaran" suna zaune a Chadi da Sudan, tare da 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya, Kamaru, Nijar, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sudan ta Kudu . Wadanda har yanzu makiyaya ke yin hijira a kan lokaci tsakanin wuraren kiwo a lokacin damina da wuraren koguna a lokacin rani.

Harshensu na asali dangane da masana ilimi na da sunaye daban-daban, kamar Larabci na Chadi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga yankunan da ake magana da harshen. A mafi yawancin karni na 20, wannan yare da masana ilimi suka san shi da "Shuwa Arab", amma "Shuwa" kalma ce ta yanki da kuma zamantakewar al'umma da ta fada cikin rashin amfani a tsakanin masana ilimin harshe da suka kware a cikin harshen, wanda maimakon haka suna kiransa "Larabcin Chadi" ya danganta da asalin masu magana da harshen da ake tuntubar su don wani aikin ilimi.

Asali da rarrabuwa

Kamar sauran kabilun da ke magana da harshen Larabci a Sudan da Sahel, ƙabilar Baggara suna da'awar cewa sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilar Larabawan Juhaynah. Koyaya, shaidar farko da aka rubuta na matsugunan Larabawa a wannan yanki shine a cikin shekarar alif 1391 lokacin da sunan Mai, Sarkin Bornu na Kanuri, Abu 'Amr Uthman b. Idris ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmi Mamluk, Barquq, yana korafin yadda Judham da sauran Larabawa suka mamaye yankinsa suna bautar da talakawansa ^[12] Sunan ɗaya daga cikin manyan kabilun Baggara yana da alaka da wata muhimmiyar ƙabilar Larabawa ta Larabawa. Beni Halba . ^[13] Braukamper ya kafa tarihin samar da al'adun Baggara zuwa ƙarni na 17 a Wadai, tsakanin Bornu da Darfur, inda Larabawa, masu kiwon rakumi, suka hadu da Fulani masu kiwon shanu da suka yi hijira zuwa gabas, kuma daga cikin wannan hulɗar ta taso ne abin da Braukämper ya taso. ya kirkiro al'adun baggaara na Larabci (makiyaya) wanda a yau ya tashi daga yammacin Sudan (Kordofan da Darfur) zuwa Najeriya (Borno). Larabawan Najeriya sune wakilai na yammaci. ^[14]

Ƙabilun Baggara a Sudan sun haɗa da: Rizeigat, Ta'isha, Beni Halba, Habbaniya, Salamat, Messiria, Tarjam, da kuma Beni Hussein a Darfur, da Messiria Zurug, Messiria Humr, Hawazma, Habbaniya da kuma Awlad Himayd a Kordofan, da Beni Selam a White Nile.

Mutanen Messiria, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi muhimmanci kabilu na Larabawan Baggara ana samun su a Chadi, Darfur da Kordofan. Mafi yawan mutanen Messiria suna zaune ne a Kordofan da Chadi tare da mafi yawan jama'a a Darfur. A Darfur ana samun su ne musamman a Niteiga, wani yanki da ke arewacin Nyala. Bayan al'ummar Messiria a Niteiga, akwai wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Larabawa da yawa a Darfur waɗanda ke da'awar alaƙa da Messiria, kamar su Ta'alba, Sa'ada, Hotiyya, da Nei'mat. Tare da waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ya kamata a haɗa da Jebel "Messiria" a Jebel Mun, a yammacin Darfur, wanda ke magana da harshen Nilo-Saharan, Mileri, mai alaka da Tama. Mutanen Mileri na Jebel Mun ba a daukarsu a matsayin Larabawa a al'adance amma shugabanninsu sun dade suna jaddada wata zuriyar Larabawa ta Messiria. ^[15]

Kabilar Baggara suna da dangi masu rakuma, wanda aka fi sani da Abbala. Kabilar Abbala na Sudan galibi suna zaune ne a Arewa da yammacin Darfur. Kabila mafi girma kuma mai kama da kalmar Abbala ita ce Rizeigat ta Arewa, wadda ta ƙunshi sassa 5; the Mahamid, Mahariyya, Nuwaiba, Irayqat and Atayfat. ^[16] Ƙabilar Awlad Rashid waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su a Darfur su ne, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a Chadi.

Karamar al'ummar " Baggara/Shuwa Arabs", hakika su Abbala ne, wadanda ke zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Nijar ana kiransu Larabawan Diffa na yankin Diffa. Mafi yawancinsu sun yi hijira ne daga kasar Chadi, tun daga farkon saboda fari na shekarar 1974, tare da samun karin a shekarun 1980 saboda yakin kasar Chadi. Yawancin Larabawan Diffa na ikirarin zuriyar Mahamid na Sudan da Chadi. ^[17]

Tarihi

Balarabe doki wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka dauki hoton, a Dékakiré, Chadi. c.1910s. Daga L'Afrique Équatoriale Française: le biya, les mazauna, la colonisation, les pouvoirs jama'a . Pref. da M. Merlin. (an buga 1918).

Mutanen Bangaran /Shuwa na Darfur da Kordofan su ne kashin bayan tawayen Mutanen Mahdi dan bijerwa mulkin Turko na Masar a Sudan a shekarun 1880. Shugaban Mahdi na biyu, Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, shi kansa Bangarene na kabilar Ta'aisha. A zamanin Mahi (1883 – 98) dumbin dubunnan mutanen Bangaran sun yi hijira zuwa Omdurman da tsakiyar Sudan inda suka ba da dakaru da yawa ga sojojin Mahdi.

Bayan sun sha kashi a yakin Karari na alif 1898, ragowar sun koma gida zuwa Darfur da Kordofan. Karkashin tsarin mulkin Biritaniya na kaikaice, kowace babbar kabilar Baggara ta kasance karkashin babban jigonta ( nazir ). Yawancinsu 'yan jam'iyyar Umma ne, wanda Sadiq el Mahdi ya jagoranta tun a shekarun 1960.

Manyan kabilun Bangaran na nufin sun sami lambar yabo ta "" (taimakon ƙasa) daga Sarakunan Musulunci na Fur a shekarun 1750s. Sakamakon haka, ƙabilu huɗu mafi girma na Bangare na Darfur— Rizeigat, Habbaniya, Beni Halba da Ta'isha— sun shiga cikin rikicin na Darfur ne kawai. Duk da haka, Bangare na da hannu sosai a wasu rikice-rikice a Sudan da Chadi. Tun daga shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Sudan ta ɗauki makamai da dama daga cikin kabilun yankin da suka haɗa da Rizeigat na kudancin Darfur da Messiria da Hawazma na makwabciyarta Kordofan a matsayin mayakan sa kai domin yakar rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan a yankunansu. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyin gaba da Murahleen, waɗanda suka ɗora mahara da suka kai hari a ƙauyukan kudanci don kwashe dukiya da bayi. ^[18]

Mutanen Bangare (da ƙungiyoyinsu) sun amshi makamai daga gwamnatin Sudan don shiga yaƙi da sojojin 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan. An fara kai hare-hare kan kauyukan Bangare a tsaunukan Nuba. Gwamnatin Sudan ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta hanyar yi wa al'ummar Bangaran alkawarin cewa ba za su tsoma baki ba don haka za su iya kwace dabbobi da filaye. Sun kafa magabatan Janjaweed - wani sojan da bai shahara ba. ^[19]

A lokacin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu an sace dubban mata da yara kanana na Dinka daga bisani 'yan kabilar Missriya da Rezeigat suka mayar dasu bayi. Hakazalika an yi garkuwa da wasu yara da ba a san adadinsu ba daga kabilar Nuba. ^[20] A yankin Darfur, gwamnatin kasar ta shirya wata rundunar mayakan Beni Halba domin fatattakar dakarun SPLA karkashin jagorancin Daud Bolad a shekarar 1990-91. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ƙungiyoyin Bangare daban-daban sun yi shawarwarin sulhu na cikin gida da dakarun SPLA. Shugabannin manyan kabilun Bangare sun bayyana cewa ba su da sha'awar shiga fadan.

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