Harshen Kuteb
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Kuteb (wanda aka fi sani da Kutep ko Ati ) yare ne a Najeriya, kabilar Kuteb na zaune ne a yankin kudancin jihar Taraba, sannan mutane sama da dubu na amfani da harshen yankin iyakar Kamaru. A Nijeriya, kuma galibi anfi magana da yaren Ƙaramar Hukumar Takum dake Jihar Taraba.
Kuteb na da sautukan baƙi 27, wasula 12, da sautuka biyar. [3]
Wasula
A cikin Kuteb, akwai nau'ikan wasula biyu, na baka, da na hanci. A sautin magana, kowane saiti yana da wasula daban-daban guda shida. Gabaɗaya, akwai sauti iri daban-daban guda 12. Matsayin ɨ kasancewar sautin magana a Kuteb bai tabbata ba. Wannan sautin yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rubabbun sirafi, wasu sunaye prefixes, da kuma rage magana ta inda akwai tsaka tsaki u da i . [3]
| Wasikun baka | Wasalin hanci | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
| Kusa | i
/i / |
ɨ
/ɨ / |
u
/u / |
ĩ
/ĩ / |
ũ
/ũ / | |
| Kusa Tsakiya | e
/e / |
o
/o / |
ē
/ẽ / |
ō
/õ / | ||
| Kusa Da Buɗe | ae
/æ / |
ãe
/æ̃ / |
||||
| Buɗe | a
/a / |
ã
/ã / |
||||
Tsarin Sauti
Kuteb yana da sauti iri daban-daban 27. Ana samun shigarwar da aka buga da rubutu a cikin kalmomin rance gama gari, ko, a cikin yanayin / v / da / z /, bambancin rarrabuwa. Kamar yawancin harsunan Jukunoid, Kuteb ya ba da baƙin baƙin. A cikin binciken daya, waɗannan ba a haɗa su azaman gyare-gyare kan tushe-phoneme ba, amma a matsayin nasu sautin daban. [4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | m
/m / |
n, nn [note 1] /n / | ny
/ɲ / |
ŋ
/ŋ / |
||
| Kusa | bayyana | b
/b / |
d
/d / |
g
/g / |
||
| ba'a ji ba | shafi na
/p / |
t
/t / |
c
/c / |
k
/k / |
||
| pre-hanci </br> bayyana |
mb
/ m / |
nd
/ n / |
nj
/ n / / |
ŋg
/ ŋgg / |
||
| Ricarfafa | ts
/s / |
|||||
| Fricative | bayyana | v
/v / |
z
/z / |
j
/ʒ / |
||
| ba'a ji ba | f
/f / |
s
/s / |
sh
/ʃ / |
h
/h / | ||
| Mai kusanci | y
/j / |
w
/w / |
||||
| Shafa | r
/ɾ / |
|||||
| Lateral-Kusanci | l
/l / |
|||||
Sautuna
A cikin Kuteb, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda huɗu ko biyar, dangane da yadda aka ƙidaya su. Sautunan da yawancin karatu ke karɓa sune ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar (¯), babba (´), da sautunan (ˆ).
Muhawara
A cewar Roger Blench, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda biyar a cikin Kuteb, waɗannan sune: ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar (¯), babba (´), fadowa (ˆ), da tashin (ˇ). Sauti na biyar, (mai tasowa) an ƙirƙire shi ne kawai ta hanyar canje-canjen sandhi waɗanda ke shafar wasu ƙamus bayan “tsani”. [3] Dangane da WE Welmers, wannan canjin sandhi ba ya faruwa, kuma idan ya faru, kawai furucin zai canza, ba ma rubutaccen bugun rubutu ba kuma.
Hanyoyin sarrafa abubuwa
Iyakokin Syllabic
A Kutep, kamar a sauran Harsunan Jukunoidid
Sandhi ya canza
Harafin ⟨w⟩ a cikin yaren Kuteb yana riƙe da matsayinta na kusan labio-velar, kamar yadda yake a uwé 'face' ko kuma a wōm 'bushe' - kodayake, lokacin da aka haɗa ⟨w⟩ a cikin gungu tare da baƙon faranti (/ c, j, sh, nj /) / w /, saboda canje-canjen sandhi, ya zama ana sakin murya ko sakin magana.
Rarraba baƙin
A cikin Kuteb, akwai gungu da yawa na baƙaƙe waɗanda zasu iya wanzu, kodayake, mafi yawan waɗannan suna faruwa tsakanin iyakokin kalmomi, kodayake, wasu daga waɗannan suna faruwa ne a cikin keɓewar sigari guda ɗaya - waɗannan jerin kalmomin suna ƙasa. A ka'idar duk da haka, duk wani haɗuwa da baƙi-na ƙarshe (duba ƙasa) sannan kowane harafin harafi zai biyo baya. Zai yiwu, duk da haka, ragin zai iya faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin kalmar ushitong 'mai motsa-miya' (daga shir da utoŋ ) inda aka jefa / r / a ciki. Har ila yau, lokacin da finalnn⟩ na ƙarshe [note 1] mai tushe zai kasance mai tushe farawa da ⟨n⟩, ⟨nn⟩ + doublen⟩ ninki biyu ya ragu zuwa kawai justn⟩. Ana iya nuna wannan tasirin a cikin kalmomi kamar munae (munn-náe) 'su kasance masu yalwa', kuma a munji (munn-nji) 'manta'. [5]
A cikin matsayin CV, ana amfani da baƙin baƙi masu zuwa: [5]
- p ts tckb (d) (g) mb nd nj ŋg fs sh hvz nz mn ŋ rl
Duk da yake a cikin C (C) VC matsayi na ƙarshe, ana amfani da waɗannan a maimakon:
- brgmn * ŋ *
Kuma ana amfani da waɗannan masu zuwa a gungu CC:
- Tare da Cw : pw, mbw, bw, fw, mw, sw (?), Cw, njw, jw, shw, kw, ngw, da ŋw [note 2]
- Tare da Cy : py, mby
- Tare da Ck : pk, tk, fk, sk
- Tare da Cg : mbg, ndg
Ƙungiyoyin baƙi
A cikin 1964, Peter Ladefoged ya yi rikodin sautuka a harsunan Yammacin Afirka da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yarukan shine Kuteb, kuma waɗannan abubuwan bincikensa ne:
| Labial | Hakori | Alveolar | Palatal | Post-palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tare da / w / | Tare da / y / | Tare da / ɣ / ko / x / | |||||
| pw | py | px | ts | tx | tʃ | tf | kw |
| mbw | mby | mbɣ | ndz | ndɣ | ndʒ | ndv | ŋgw |
| bw | by | bɣ | dʒ | dv | (gw) | ||
| fw | fy | fx | sk | .f | |||
| mw | na | (mɣ) | a'a | ŋw | |||
- In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally
- Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given
- http://www.koeppe.de/titel_details.php?id=514
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120405160934/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Kuteb.htm
- http://www.koeppe.de/titel_details_print.php?id=514
- http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/1757
- Sake ambaton Karin magana a Kuteb Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
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