Euclid

Euclid (323 K.A.- 265 K.A.) ya kasance masanin lissafi ne daga ƙasar Girka wanda ya rayu a Alexandria, Misra. Ana masa laƙabi da "Baban geometry" (Father of Geometry).^[1] Anfi saninsa da aikinsa na Elements treatise, wanda shine ginshikin geometry wanda ya wanzu a fagen har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19. Salonsa, wanda a yanzu aka fi sani da Euclidean geometry, ya ƙunshi sabbin dabaru na tsaffin masana lissafi na ƙasar Girka, wanda suka haɗa da Eudoxus na Cnidus, Hippocrates na Chios, Thales na Miletus da kuma Theaetetus. Tare da Arkimidus da Apollonius na Perga, ana ɗaukar Euclid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masana lissafi da sukafi fice a zamanin antiquity, kuma daga cikin shahararru a Tarihin lissafi.

Euclid
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Εὐκλείδης
Haihuwa	unknown value, 4 century "BCE"
ƙasa	Classical Athens (en)
Mazauni	Alexandria
Mutuwa	unknown value da Alexandria, unknown value
Karatu
Harsuna	Ancient Greek (en)
Ɗalibai	view Diocleides of Athens (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	masanin lissafi da marubuci
Muhimman ayyuka	Elements (en) synthetic geometry (en)

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

Euclid, or the Architecture

Abubuwa kaɗan aka sani dangane da rayuwar Euclid, kuma duka bayanan sun fito ne daga bakin masana falsafa guda biyu Proclus da kuma Pappus na Alexandria shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata. Har zuwa lokacin Renaissance, a baya ana kuskure shi da tsohon masanin falsafa Euclid na Megara, hakan yasa sai da aka sake bitar tarihin rayuwarsa a wadace. Gabaki ɗaya an amince cewa ya kwashe rayuwarsa na aiki tare a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy I a Alexandria, kuma yayi rayuwa a tsakanin shekaru 300BC kafin zuwan Yesu, bayan Plato sannan kafin Arkimidus. Akwai jita-jita cewa Euclid ya kasance dalibi a Makarantar Plato - (Platonic Academy), sannan daga baya ya koyar a Musaeum. Ana yawan girmama Euclid don wajen haɗe al'adun Plato na Athens da kuma al'adun baya baya na Alexandria.

A cikin lissafi na Elements, Euclid ya cire theorem daga jerin kananan axioms. Sannan ya rubuta ayyuka akan perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, da kuma mathematical rigour. Bugu da ƙari, Euclid yayi rubutu akan optics field, Optics, sannan ayyukansa da ba'a san su ba sosai sun haɗa da Data da al'amari (Phaenomena). Ana kokwanto akan wallafar Euclid akan littattafai guda biyu a cikin —On Divisions of Figures, Catoptrics—. Ana tsammanin cewa ya rubuta ayyuka da dama da suka ɓace.

Rayuwa

labaran gargajiya

Tunanin Raphael cewa Eculid, yana koyarda dalibai a Makarantar Athens (1509–1511)

Sunan 'Euclid' da turanci ya kasance sunan angilikanci ne na Tsohuwar Girka Εὐκλείδης.^[2] An ciro ta ne daga kalmar eu - (εὖ; 'mai kyau'), da kuma 'klês' (-κλῆς; 'shahara'), ma'ana 'sananne' 'mai nasara'.^[3] Kalmar Euclid har wayau, an sanshi a wasu lokutan da ma'anar "kwafi iri ɗaya",^[4] kuma sannan wani lokacin yana nufin joometri.^[5]

Kamar dai mafiya yawancin masana lissafi na Tsohuwar Girka, shima Euclid ba'a san tarihin rayuwarsa ba.^[6] An yadda cewa shine ya wallafa ayyuka guda huɗu — Elements, Optics, Data, Phaenomena— amma bacin waɗannan, ba'a san wasu tabbatattun ayyukansa ba.^[7] Masanin tarihi Carl Benjamin Boyer ya bayyana bakin cikinsa cewa "duba da yanayin shaharar mawallafin littafin da kuma littafinsa da ya samu karɓuwa [the Elements] amma kaɗan aka sani game da Euclid.^[8] Tarihin rayuwarsa na gargajiya yawanci ya biyo bayan ƙarni na 5 bayan mutuwar Yesu, a rubutun Proclus acikin tsokancinsa na littafin Euclid The Element sannan kuma da wasu bayanai na Pappus na Alexandria daga farkon ƙarni na 4.^[2]

Manazarta

1. Sialaros, Michalis (2021) [2015]. "Euclid". Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2521. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
2. Sialaros, Michalis (2021) [2015]. "Euclid". Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2521. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
3. "Euclidean (adj.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
4. "Euclid, n". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
5. Bruno, Leonard C. (2003) [1999]. Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit: U X L. ISBN 978-0-7876-3813-9. OCLC 41497065. P. 125
6. Heath, Thomas L. (1981) [1921]. A History of Greek Mathematics. Vol. 2 Vols. New York: Dover Publications. p. 354
7. Asper, Markus (2010). "Euclid". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6. p. 1
8. Boyer, Carl B. (1991) [1968]. A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8. p. 100