Yarukan Chadi suna kafa reshe na dangin yare na Afroasiatic . Ana magana da su a sassan Sahel. Sun haɗa da harsuna 150 da ake magana da su a arewacin Nijeriya, da kudancin Nijar, da kudancin Chadi, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Kamaru. Harshe Chadic wanda akafi magana da shi shine harshen Hausa, babban harshen tarayyar al'umma na da yawa daga mutanen gabashi da Yammacin Afrika .
| Yarukan Chadi | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-5 | cdc |
| Glottolog | chad1250[1] |
Abinda ke ciki
Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A / B na Gabashin Chadi. [2] An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. [3] Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci.
- Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, wadanda suka hada da
- (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas ; kuma
- (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar.
- Biu – Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da
- (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni;
- (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma
- (C) Gidar
- Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da
- (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera ; kuma
- (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro
- Masa
- ? Kujargé
Asali
Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 [4] ). Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene (~ shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi .
Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba.
Kalmomin aro
Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma.
Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. [5]
Karin magana
Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020: 351): [6]
| Karin magana | Yarjejeniyar-Chadi | Proto-Afroasiatic |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ní | *i ~ *yi |
| 2M | *ka | *ku, *ka |
| 2F | *ki (m) | *kim |
| 3M | *nì | *si, *isi |
| 3F | *ta | |
| 1PL | *mun (hada), *na (sama.) | (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ? |
| 2PL | *kun | *kuuna |
| 3PL | *rana | *su ~ *usu |
Kwatanta ƙamus
Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen:
| Turanci | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hausa | ido | kunne | hanci | haƙori | harshe | baki | jini | ƙashi | itace; bishiya | ruwa | ci | suna |
| Proto-Chadic | *ydn | *km/*ɬm | *ntn | *s₃n; *ƙ-d | *ls₃- | *bk | *br | *ƙs₃ | *ymn | *hrɗ (hard); *twy (soft) | *s₃m | |
| Proto-Ron | *kumu | **atin | *haŋgor | *liʃ | *fo | ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ | *kaʃ | *sum | ||||
| Polci | yiir | kəəm | cin | shen | haƙori | bii | buran; bəran | gooloo | pət | maa | ci | suŋ |
| Proto-Central Chadic | *hadaj; *tsɨʸ | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | *hʷɨtsɨnʸ | *ɬɨɗɨnʸ | *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj | *maj | *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ | *hʷɨp | *ɗɨjɨm | *zɨm | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | |
| Proto-Masa | *ir | *hum | *cin | *s- | *si | *vun | *vuzur | *sok | *gu | *mb- | *ti | *sem |
| Kujarge[7] | kunɟu | kumayo ~ kime | kaata | kiya | aliŋati | apa | ɪbɪrí | (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya | kaʃíè | ʃia | (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] | rúwà |
| Other Afroasiatic branches | ||||||||||||
| Proto-Cushitic[8] | *ʔil- | *ʔisŋʷ- | *ʔiɬkʷ- | *caanrab- | *ʔaf-/*yaf- | *mikʷ’-; *moc’- | *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- | *sim-/*sum- | ||||
| Proto-Maji[9] | *ʔaːb | *háːy | *aːç’u | *eːdu | *uːs | *inču | *haːy | *um | ||||
| Tarifiyt Berber[10] | ŧit’t’ | aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ | ŧinzā | ŧiɣməsŧ | iřəs | aqəmmum | iđammən | iɣəss | aman | šš | isəm | |
| Coptic | ia | ma'aje | ša | šol, najhe | las | ro | snof | kas | šēn | mou | wōm | ran |
| Proto-Semitic | *ʕayn- | *ʔuḏn- | *ʔanp- | *šinn- | *lišān- | *dam- | *ʕaṯ̣m- | *ʕiṣ̂- | *mā̆y- | *ʔ-k-l | (*šim-) | |
| Proto-Afroasiatic | *ʔǐl- | *-ʔânxʷ- | *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' | *-lis’- 'to lick' | *âf- | *dîm-/*dâm- | *k’os- | *ɣǎ | *âm-; *akʷ’- | *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ | *sǔm-/*sǐm- | |
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic:[11]
| Turanci | Proto-Chadic | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| sleep | *(w)sn/*swn | yi barci | yí bárcíi |
| come, go | *b₂-; *l- | ||
| night | *bɗ | dare | dárée |
| seed | *bdr/*bzr | iri | írìi |
| five | *bɗʸɬ | biyar | bìyár̃ |
| mouth | *bk | baki | bàakíi |
| hole | *bk | rami | ráamìi |
| house | *b-n | gida | gídáa |
| give | *br | ba | báa |
| blood | *br | jini | jíníi |
| ashes | *bt- | toka | |
| fall | *d₂-; *g₂ɮ | faɗi | fáaɗì |
| hear | *d₂gw | ji | jí |
| sit | *dmn | zauna | záunàa |
| beat, pound, kill | *dwk | ||
| neck | *gɗʸr | wuya | wúyàa |
| do, make | *gə́n-; *ly; *ɗm | ||
| laugh | *gms₂ | dariya | dàaríyáa |
| ten | *gʷm/*gʷ-m | goma | góomà |
| sand | *gʷsk | yashi; ƙasa | yàashíi; ƙásáa |
| eat hard things | *hrɗ | ||
| burn | *kɗ | ƙone | |
| skin | *k-d; *zm | feɗe | féeɗèe |
| fly (insect) | *ƙdb | ||
| crocodile | *kdm | kara | |
| one | *kɗn | ɗaya | ɗáyá |
| head | *kɗn | kai | kâi |
| dog | *kɗn | kare | kàrée |
| finger | *kl- | yatsa | yátsàa |
| earth | *ƙɬɗ | kasa | |
| fish | *klp | kifi | kíifíi |
| ear | *km/*ɬm | kunne | kûnnée |
| hand | *ƙmn | hannu | hánnúu |
| three | *knɗ | uku | úkù |
| bark | *krp; *ɓ-r | ɓawo | ɓáawóo |
| bone | *ƙs₃ | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| rat | *ksm | ||
| tail | *kṣr | wutsiya | wútsíyàa |
| fire | *-kw | wuta | wútáa |
| cow, buffalo | *ɬ- | ||
| root, vein, medicine | *ɬ₂rw | ||
| lick | *lkɗ | lasa | làasáa |
| tongue | *ls₃- | harshe | hárshèe |
| meat | *ɬw | nama | náamàa |
| new | *mrb | sabo | sáabóo |
| man, husband, person | *mtm | mutum | |
| die | *mwt | mutu | mútù |
| hunger | *my | ||
| see | *ngn | gani | gáníi |
| nose | *ntn | hanci | háncìi |
| ripen | *nwk | ||
| cat | *patu | mage; ƙyanwa | màagée; ƙyânwáa |
| four | *-pɗ | huɗu | húɗú |
| flower | *pl | fure | fùrée |
| sun | *p-t | rana | ráanáa |
| cut | *pt; *ɬ₂wl | yanke | yánkèe |
| drink | *s₂w- | sha; abin sha | sháa; àbín shâa |
| name | *s₃m | suna | súunáa |
| tooth | *s₃n; *ƙ-d | hakori | hákóoríi |
| know | *s-n | sani | sánìi |
| two | *sr | biyu | bíyú |
| sheep | *tmk | tunkiya | túnkìyáa |
| spit | *tp | tofa | tóofàa |
| moon | *t-r | wata | wátàa |
| eat soft things | *twy | ||
| goat | *wk-/*kw- | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
| stand (up) | *wɬk | ||
| open | *wn | buɗe | búuɗèe |
| full, fill | *wn | cikakke | |
| hair | *yàɗ | gashi | gáashìi |
| bird | *yɗ | tsuntsu | tsúntsúu |
| eye | *ydn | ido | ídòo |
| saliva | *ylk | ||
| water | *ymn | ruwa | rúwáa |
| give birth | *yw/*wy | ||
| body | *zk | jiki | jìkíi |
Kalmomin Proto-Ron
Kalmomin Proto-Ron:[12]
| Turanci | Proto-Ron | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| nose | **atin | hanci | háncìi |
| crocodile | **haram | kada | |
| navel | **mutuk | cibiya | cíibíyàa |
| friend | **mwin | aboki; amini | àbóokíi; àmíinìi |
| land | **nɗoro | ƙasa; sauka | ƙásáa; sàuká |
| molar | *ɓukum | ||
| open (door) | *ɓwali | ||
| chest | *cin | ƙirji | ƙìrjíi |
| mouth | *fo | baki | bàakíi |
| breast (female) | *fofo | nono | |
| thigh | *for | cinya | cínyàa |
| blow (mouth) | *fuɗ | ||
| fall | *fur | faɗi | fáaɗì |
| throat | *goroŋ | maƙwagwaro | màƙwágwàróo |
| tooth | *haŋgor | hakori | hákóoríi |
| head | *hay | kai | kâi |
| bone | *kaʃ | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| put | *kin | sa | sâa (2) |
| elbow | *kukwat | gwiwar hannu | gwíiwàr̃ hánnúu |
| ear | *kumu | kunne | kûnnée |
| call (summon) | *lahyal | ||
| tongue | *liʃ | harshe | hárshèe |
| flesh | *lo | nama | náamàa |
| saliva, spittle | *lyal | ||
| person | *naaf | mutum | mùtûm |
| chin | *njumut | haɓa | háɓàa |
| urine | *sar | ||
| name | *sum | suna | súunáa |
| meet | *tof | sadu | sàadú |
| I | *yin | ni | níi |
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi:[13]
| Turanci | Proto-North Bauchi | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| grass | *(a)was | ciyawa | cìyáawàa |
| give | *ča/iy- | ba | báa |
| ask | *c̣aɣ- | ||
| egg | *caḥʷi | ƙwai | ƙwái |
| stink | *čam- | ||
| pull | *c̣am- | ja | jáa (1) |
| sour | *c̣am- | mai tsami | mài tsáamíi |
| bitter | *č̣am- | mai ɗaci | mài ɗáacíi |
| night | *č̣amaz- | dare | dárée |
| goat | *č̣ang- | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
| herd | *caQʷ- | ||
| rip | *č̣ar- | ||
| middle | *cawɣ- | tsakiya | tsákíyàa |
| sit | *c̣əg- | zauna | záunàa |
| change | *c̣ək- | sake; canja | sáakèe; cánjàa |
| cut | *cəḳər- | yanke | yánkèe |
| swell | *c̣əm-; *puč- | ||
| sweat | *cən-; *zukum- | ||
| nail | *č̣ərf- | ƙusa | ƙúusàa |
| wring | *č̣ey- | ||
| two | *či/ar- | biyu | bíyú |
| dig | *ciḳ- | haƙa; tona | háƙàa; tóonàa |
| sew | *ĉ̣im- | ɗinka | ɗínkàa |
| send | *čin-; *ǯikʷ- | aika | àikáa |
| worm | *ĉ̣iy- | tsutsa | tsúutsàa |
| fish (v.) | *ču | ||
| dry | *c̣uf- | a bushe | à bùushé |
| foot | *cum- | ƙafa | ƙáfàa |
| swear | *cum- | rantse | rántsèe |
| stand | *c̣urw- | tashi | táashì |
| morning | *cuwy- | safe | sáafée |
| heart | *č̣Vnk- | zuciya | zúucìyáa |
| urine | *cVpr- | ||
| bird | *č̣VT- | tsuntsu | tsúntsúu |
| head | *ɣ/ḥam- | kai | kâi |
| hair | *gəz- | gashi | gáashìi |
| roast | *gəẑ- | ||
| fish | *ɣʷad- | kifi | kíifíi |
| see | *ḥan- | gani | gáníi |
| fill | *ḥʷan- | ||
| mount | *ḥʷum- | ||
| build | *ḥʷun- | gina | gínàa |
| bone | *ḳas- | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| war | *ḳas- | ||
| count | *ḳin- | ƙirga | ƙírgàa |
| bite | *ḳiy- | ciza | cìizáa |
| nine | *kuč̣- | tara | tár̃à |
| forge | *ḳuf- | ƙera | ƙéeràa |
| deep | *ḳulḳul- | mai zurfi | mài zúrfíi |
| buy | *ḳʷan- | saya | sàyáa |
| angry | *ḳʷar- | ||
| hunt | *le[ḥ]- | farauta | fàráutàa |
| sell | *məč̣- | sayar da | sáyár̃ dà |
| chest | *mVc̣- | ƙirji | ƙìrjíi |
| descend | *pəc̣- | ||
| fat | *rəvəz-; *ĉ̣əb- | ||
| earth | *riĉ̣- | ||
| flower | *riẑ- | fure | fùrée |
| tooth | *ṭiḥn- | hakori | hákóoríi |
| kill | *tuḥ- | kashe | káshèe |
| five | *vaĉ̣- | biyar | bìyár̃ |
| pour | *vʷaḥ- | zub da | zúb dà |
| throw | *vʷaḥ- | jefa | jéefàa |
| close | *zaḅʷ- | ||
| stab | *zaḳʷ- | soka | sòokáa |
| beans | *zam- | ||
| open | *ẑar- | buɗe | búuɗèe |
| call | *zar-; *ḳiy- | ||
| tremble | *ẑaẑar- | ||
| bow | *zaʔ- | baka | bàkáa |
| stone | *zəḳəy | ||
| to skin | *zəl- | ||
| body | *zər- | jiki | jìkíi |
| fowl | *ẑirkiy- | kaza | kàazáa |
| ground corn | *zu | ||
| awaken | *zuḳʷ- | ||
| run | *ẑVẑV | gudu | gúdù |
| rope | *zʸaw- | igiya | ígíyàa |
| turn | *ǯiKal | mayar da | máyár̃ dà |
| allow | *ǯu | ||
| pound | *ǯu/iw- | doka; kutufo | dòokáa; kùtùfóo |
| life | *ǯukʷ- | rayuwa | ràayúwáa |
Kalmomin Proto-Masa
Kalmomin Proto-Masa:[14]
| Turanci | Proto-Masa | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| father | *b- | uba | ùbáa |
| bat | *babay | jemage | jéemáagèe |
| vulture | *bak | ungulu | ùngùlúu |
| mushroom | *bik | naman kaza | náamàn kàazáa |
| tail | *c-- | wutsiya | wútsíyàa |
| nose | *cin | hanci | háncìi |
| star | *ciw | tauraro | tàuràaróo |
| dog | *d- | kare | kàrée |
| flute | *d-f | sarewa; sarewa | sàareewàa; sàréewàa |
| penis | *ɗiw | bura; azzakari | bùuráa; àzzákàr̃íi |
| chin | *d-m | haɓa | háɓàa |
| mud | *dorɓo | taɓo | tàɓóo |
| liver | *duk | hanta | hántàa |
| sun | *fat | rana | ráanáa |
| four | *fiɗi | huɗu | húɗú |
| blow | *fo | busa; hura | búusàa; húuràa |
| navel | *fuk | cibiya | cíibíyàa |
| flour | *fut | gari | gàaríi |
| small | *g- | ƙarami | ƙàrámíi |
| knee | *gif | gwiwa | gwíwàa |
| heart | *g-l-s | zuciya | zúucìyáa |
| ten | *gup | goma | góomà |
| left | *guɾ | hagu | hágú |
| cold | *hep | mura; mai sanyi; mai ɗari | múr̃àa; mài sányíi; mài ɗáaríi |
| three | *hindi | uku | úkù |
| goat | *hu | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
| ear | *hum | kunne | kûnnée |
| eye | *ir | ido | ídòo |
| seed | *ir | iri | írìi |
| six | *kargi | shida | shídà |
| year | *kim | sheƙara, shekara | shèeƙáràa, shèekáràa |
| yesterday | *k-mb- | jiya | jíyà |
| fish | *k-ɾf- | kifi | kíifíi |
| fire | *ku | wuta | wútáa |
| mat | *ɮat | tabarma | tàabármáa |
| red | *ɬew | ja | jáa (2) |
| feather | *ɮ-m | gashi | gáashìi |
| water | *mb- | ruwa | rúwáa |
| dew | *mb-ɗ- | raɓa | ráaɓáa |
| milk | *mbir | nono; tatsa | nóonòo; tàatsáa |
| horn | *mek | ƙaho | ƙàhóo |
| darkness | *nduvun | duhu | dúhùu |
| sand | *ŋeɬ | yashi; ƙasa | yàashíi; ƙásáa |
| hair | *ŋgusa | gashi | gáashìi |
| breast | *po | nono | nóonòo |
| pus | *ɾ-- | mugunya | múgúnyàa |
| hunt | *ɾam | farauta | fàráutàa |
| fly | *raw | ƙuda; tashi | ƙúdáa; táashì |
| time | *ɾi | lokaci; sa’a | lóokàcíi; sáa'àa |
| place | *ɾi | wuri; waje | wúríi; wájée |
| bean | *ɾit | wake | wáakée |
| tooth | *s- | hakori | hákóoríi |
| person | *s- | mutum | mùtûm |
| grass | *-s- | ciyawa | cìyáawàa |
| broom | *samat | mashari | másháaríi |
| spear | *sap | mashi | máashìi |
| egg | *se | ƙwai | ƙwái |
| name | *sem | suna | súunáa |
| sleep | *sen | yi barci | yí bárcíi |
| tongue | *si | harshe | hárshèe |
| seven | *siɗa | bakwai | bákwài |
| wind | *simbet | iska | ískàa |
| field | *sine | gona | góonáa |
| bone | *sok | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| root | *s-r | jijiya; saiwa | jíijíyàa; sâiwáa |
| people | *su | jama’a; mutane | jàmá'àa; mútàanée |
| beer | *sum | giya; burkutu | gíyàa; bùr̃kùtù |
| sheep | *time | tunkiya | túnkìyáa |
| moon | *tiɾ | wata | wátàa |
| brain | *toʔon | ƙwalƙwalwa | ƙwálƙwálwáa |
| body | *tu | jiki | jìkíi |
| grave | *us | kabari | kábàr̃íi |
| five | *vaɬ | biyar | bìyár̃ |
| wasp | *viŋ | zanzaro | zànzáróo |
| monkey | *vir | biri | bírìi |
| charcoal | *v-n | gawayi | gáwàyíi |
| hare | *v-t | zomo | zóomóo |
| salt | *vu | gishiri | gíshíríi |
| mouth | *vun | baki | bàakíi |
| blood | *vuzur | jini | jíníi |
| girl | *way | yarinya | yáarínyàa |
| black | *wura | baƙi | báƙíi |
| rope | *zew | igiya | ígíyàa |
| hole | *z-ɾ | rami | ráamìi |
Bibiyar Tarihi
- Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds. ), Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
- Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 – 349.
- Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
- Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 – 251.
- Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 – 42.
- Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu ': sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. ), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica . Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 – 397.
- Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994
- Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. ), Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 – 60.
- Bayanin bayanai
- Robert Forkel, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank / kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953
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