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Yarukan Afrika
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A shekara ta 1964, UNESCO ta kaddamar da cikakken bayanin Tarihin Afirka da nufin magance jahilcin tarihin Afirka. Kalubalen ya ƙunshi sake gina tarihin Afirka, da 'yantar da shi daga kyamar launin fata da ke biyowa daga cinikin bayi da mulkin mallaka, da haɓaka hangen nesa na Afirka. Don haka UNESCO ta yi kira ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Afirka da waɗanda ba na Afirka ba. Ayyukan ƙwararrun sun wakilci shekaru 35 na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana tarihi fiye da 230 da wasu ƙwararru, kuma kwamitin kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi kashi biyu bisa uku na 'yan Afirka ne ke kula da shi.[1]Afirka, nahiya mafi girma ta biyu (bayan Asiya), wanda ke rufe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ɗaukacin saman duniya. Nahiyar ta yi iyaka da yamma da Tekun Atlantika, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da tekun Mediterrenean, a gabas da tekun Bahar Maliya da Tekun Indiya, a kudu kuma ta hade da ruwan tekun Atlantika da na Indiya.[2]
Fadin fadin Afirka kusan mil 11,724,000 ne (kilomita 30,365,000), kuma nahiyar tana da nisan mil 5,000 (kilomita 8,000) daga arewa zuwa kudu da kusan mil 4,600 (kilomita 7,400) daga gabas zuwa yamma. Ƙarshen arewacinta shine Al-Ghīrān Point, kusa da Al-Abyaḍ Point (Cape Blanc), Tunisiya; iyakar kudancinta shine Cape Agulhas, Afirka ta Kudu; Gabas mafi nisa shine Xaafuun (Hafun) Point, kusa da Cape Gwardafuy (Guardafui), Somaliya; kuma iyakar yammacinta shine Almadi Point (Pointe des Almadies), akan Cape Verde (Cap Vert), Senegal. A arewa maso gabas, yankin Sinai ya hade Afirka da Asiya har zuwa lokacin da aka gina tashar Suez. Ba abin mamaki ba, bakin tekun Afirka—kilomita 18,950 (kilomita 30,500) tsayinsa—ya fi na Turai gajarta, domin akwai ƴan mashigai kaɗan da manyan ɓangarorin kogi.[2]
A gefen gabar tekun Afirka da yawa tsibirai suna da alaƙa da nahiyar. Daga cikin wadannan Madagascar, daya daga cikin tsibiran da suka fi girma a duniya, shi ne ya fi muhimmanci. Sauran, ƙananan tsibiran sun haɗa da Seychelles, Socotra, da sauran tsibiran da ke gabas; Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, da sauran tsibiran da ke kudu maso gabas; Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, St. Helena, da Tristan da Cunha zuwa kudu maso yamma; Cape Verde, tsibiran Bijagós, Bioko, da Sao Tomé da Principe zuwa yamma; da Azores da tsibirin Madeira da Canary zuwa arewa maso yamma.[2]
Yankin Equator ya raba nahiyar kusan gida biyu, ta yadda yawancin Afirka ke cikin yankin masu zafi, wanda ke iyaka da arewa da Tropic of Cancer sannan a kudu da Tropic of Capricorn. Saboda kumburin da yammacin Afirka ya yi, yawancin yankin Afirka yana arewacin Equator. An ketare Afirka daga arewa zuwa kudu ta wurin firaminista (0° longitude), wanda ya wuce tazara kadan zuwa gabas da Accra, Ghana.[2]
A zamanin d a an ce Girkawa sun kira nahiyar Libya da Romawa don kiranta Afirka, watakila daga Latin aprica ("rana") ko aphrike na Girkanci ("ba tare da sanyi") ba. Sunan Afirka, an fi amfani da shi ne a gabar tekun arewacin nahiyar, wanda a zahiri, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani yanki na kudancin Turai. Romawa, waɗanda a wani lokaci suke mulkin gaɓar tekun Arewacin Afirka, an kuma ce suna kiran yankin kudu da ƙauyukansu Afriga, ko kuma ƙasar Afrigs—sunan al’ummar Berber a kudancin Carthage.[2]
Ana iya ɗaukar duk faɗin Afirka a matsayin babban tudu mai tsayi da ke tasowa daga ƴan ƴan ƴan gaɓar bakin teku da ya ƙunshi tsoffin duwatsun crystalline. Filayen filaye ya fi girma a kudu maso gabas kuma yana karkata zuwa ƙasa zuwa arewa maso gabas. Gabaɗaya za a iya raba filaye zuwa yankin kudu maso gabas da yanki arewa maso yamma. Yankin arewa maso yamma, wanda ya hada da Sahara (Hamada) da kuma yankin Arewacin Afirka da aka fi sani da Maghrib, yana da yankuna biyu masu tsaunuka - tsaunin Atlas da ke arewa maso yammacin Afirka, wadanda aka yi imanin cewa wani bangare ne na tsarin da ya mamaye kudancin Turai, kuma tsaunin Aggar (Hoggar) a cikin Sahara. Yankin kudu maso gabashin tuddai ya hada da Filaton Habasha, Plateau na Gabashin Afirka, da kuma - a gabashin Afirka ta Kudu, inda gefen tudu ya fado kasa cikin gyale - kewayon Drakensberg. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da ban mamaki a cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa na Afirka shine Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka, wanda ke tsakanin 30 ° zuwa 40 ° E. Rigimar kanta ta fara arewa maso gabashin iyakar nahiyar kuma ta wuce kudu daga bakin tekun Red Sea zuwa Zambezi. Basin kogin.[2]
Afirka ta ƙunshi dumbin albarkatu na ma'adinai, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu manyan rijiyoyin man fetur na duniya, da ƙarfe, da duwatsu masu daraja da karafa masu daraja. Wannan arzikin ya yi daidai da ɗimbin albarkatun halittu waɗanda suka haɗa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na Afirka ta Tsakiya da shahararriyar yawan namun daji na gabashi da kudanci na nahiyar. Ko da yake har yanzu noma (musamman abinci) ya mamaye tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa, cin gajiyar waɗannan albarkatu ya zama mafi mahimmancin ayyukan tattalin arziki a Afirka a ƙarni na 20.[2]
Yanayin yanayi da sauran abubuwa sun yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin zaman mutane a Afirka. Yayin da ake ganin an ci gaba da zama a wasu yankuna ko žasa tun farkon wayewar bil'adama, manyan yankuna - musamman yankunan hamada na arewaci da kudu maso yammacin Afirka - sun kasance ba a mamaye su ba na tsawon lokaci. Don haka, ko da yake Afirka ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi girma, tana da kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya kuma ana iya cewa ba ta da yawan jama'a. Bakar fata sun dade suna zama mafi girma a nahiyar, amma a lokutan tarihi kuma an sami manyan bakin haure daga Asiya da Turai. Daga cikin matsugunan kasashen waje a Afirka, na Larabawa ya yi tasiri mafi girma. Addinin Musulunci, wanda Larabawa ke dauke da su, ya yadu daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa yankuna da dama da ke kudu da hamadar sahara, ta yadda da yawa daga cikin mutanen yammacin Afirka sun zama musulunta.[2]
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Wannan labarin ya yi la'akari da yanayin yanayin jiki da na ɗan adam na Afirka, sannan kuma tattaunawa game da fasalin yanayin ƙasa mai ban sha'awa na musamman. Don tattaunawa game da ɗayan ƙasashen nahiyar, duba irin waɗannan labaran kamar Masar, Madagascar, da Sudan. Ana kula da yankunan Afirka a ƙarƙashin taken Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Afirka, Arewacin Afirka, Kudancin Afirka, da Yammacin Afirka; Waɗannan labaran kuma sun ƙunshi babban jigon ci gaban tarihi da al'adun Afirka. Don tattaunawa game da manyan biranen nahiyar, duba irin waɗannan labaran kamar su Alexandria, Alkahira, Cape Town, Johannesburg, da Kinshasa. An tattauna batutuwa masu alaƙa a cikin wallafe-wallafen labarai, Afirka; adabi, Afirka ta Kudu; gine-gine, Afirka; fasaha, Afirka; rawa, Afirka; kiɗa, Afirka; wasan kwaikwayo, Afirka; fasaha da gine-gine, Masarautar; Musulunci; fasaha, Musulunci; da duniyar Musulunci.[2]