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Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ( UNCLOS ), wanda kuma ake kira Dokar Yarjejeniyar Teku ko Dokar Kula da Teku, yarjejeniya ce ta Kasa da Kasa wacce ta kafa tsarin doka don duk ayyukan ruwa da na teku. A watan Yunin 2016 , akalla kasashe 167 da kuma gamayyar kasashen Tarayyar Turai suka kulla wannan yarjejeniya.
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku | |
---|---|
Asali | |
Lokacin bugawa | 1982 |
Asalin suna | Úmluva Organizace spojených národů o mořském právu da اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لقانون البحار |
Characteristics | |
Harshe | Yaren Czech da Turanci |
Wuri | |
Place | Montego Bay (en) |
Coordinates | 18°28′N 77°55′W |
Muhimmin darasi | admiralty law (en) , international law (en) da International piracy law (en) |
Tarihi |
Yarjejeniyar ta samo asali ne daga taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na uku kan dokar teku ( UNCLOS III), wanda ya gudana tsakanin 1973 da 1982. UNCLOS ya maye gurbin yarjejeniyoyin 1958 akan manyan Tekuna . UNCLOS ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1994, shekara guda bayan Guyana ta zama kasa ta 60 da ta amince da yarjejeniyar. Ba shi da tabbas game da har zuwa mene ne Yarjejeniyar ta tsara dokar al'ada ta duniya .
Yayin da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke karbar na'urorin tabbatarwa da shigarwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da goyon baya ga tarukan kasashen da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar, Sakateriya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta da wani iko na kai tsaye wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman, Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Halittun ruwa na Duniya, duk sun taka rawa, tare da, sauran hukumomi irin su Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (ISA), wanda aka kafa ta a yayin taron na Yarjejeniyar da kansa.
UNCLOS ya maye gurbin tsohon abinda aka kira da suna 'yancin teku', wanda yake akwai tun daga karni na 17. Wanda a bisa ga shi wannan tsohon wannan ra'ayin, Hakkokin kasa sun iyakance ne ga kayyadadden gabar ruwa wanda ya fito daga bakin teku na kasar da ya wanzu, yawanci bisa tazara ta kilomita 5.6 (iyakar mil uku ), bisa ga ka'idar ' harbin bindiga' wanda masanin shari'a dan kasar Holland Cornelius van Bynkershoek ya kirkira.[1] Duk ruwan da ya wuce iyakokin kasa an dauke shi ruwan kasa da Kasa : kyauta ga dukkan al'ummomi, amma ba na dayansu ba (ka'idar mare liberum da Hugo Grotius ya gabatar).[2]
A farkon karni na 20, wasu al'ummomi sun nuna sha'awarsu ta tsawaita da'awar kasa: hada da albarkatun ma'adinai, don kare tsibin kifaye, da kuma samar da hanyoyin tilasta hana gurbatar yanayi . (Kungiyar Kungiyoyin Kasashen Duniya ta kira taron 1930 a Hague, amma ba a cimma yarjejeniya ba. Ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar dokokin kasa da kasa ta al'ada ta 'yancin al'umma na kare albarkatun kasa, Shugaba Harry S. Truman a shekara ta 1945 ya mika ikon Amurka ga duk albarkatun kasa na nahiyar ta . Sauran al'ummai sun yi gaggawar yin koyi. Tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1950, Chile, Peru, da Ecuador sun tsawaita haƙƙinsu zuwa 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) don rufe wuraren kamun kifi na Humboldt na yanzu . Sauran al'ummomi sun tsawaita iyakar teku zuwa 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) .
A shekara ta 1967, kasashe 25 ne kawai suka yi amfani da tsohuwar iyakar mil uku, yayin da kasashe 66 suka kafa 12 nautical miles (22 km) iyakar yanki da takwas sun kafa 200 nautical miles (370 km) iyaka. As of 28 Mayu 2008[update] , Kasashe biyu ne kawai ke amfani da 3 miles (4.8 km) iyaka: Jordan da Palau. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan iyaka a wasu tsibiran Ostiraliya, wani yanki na Belize, wasu magudanan Jafananci, wasu yankuna na Papua New Guinea, da wasu yan yankunan ƙasashen waje na Biritaniya, kamar Gibraltar .
UNCLOS baya magana da batutuwan rikice-rikice na yanki ko warware batutuwan da suka shafi ikon mallakar kasa, saboda wannan filin yana karkashin ka'idodin dokokin duniya na al'ada game da mallaka da asarar kasa.
Da'awar fadin | Adadin jihohi |
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Iyakar mil 3 | 26 |
Iyakar mil 4 | 3 |
Iyakar mil 5 | 1 |
Iyakar mil 6 | 16 |
Iyakar mil 9 | 1 |
Iyakar mil 10 | 2 |
Iyakar mil 12 | 34 |
Fiye da mil 12 | 9 |
Ba a bayyana ba | 11 |
A cikin 1956, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taronta na farko kan Dokar Teku (UNCLOS I) a Geneva, Switzerland. UNCLOS I [3] ya haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a cikin 1958:
Ko da yake an dauki UNCLOS I a matsayin nasara, ya bude muhimmin batu na faɗin ruwan yanki.
A shekara ta 1960, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taro na biyu kan dokar teku ("UNCLOS II"); duk da haka, taron Geneva na makonni shida bai haifar da wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ba. Gaba daya magana, kasashe masu tasowa da kasashe na duniya na uku sun shiga a matsayin abokan ciniki, kawaye, ko masu dogaro da Amurka ko Tarayyar Soviet, ba tare da wata babbar murya ta nasu ba.
Batun ikirari iri-iri na yankunan ruwa ya fito ne a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1967 ta hannun Arvid Pardo na Malta, kuma a cikin 1973 an yi taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na uku kan dokar teku a New York. A wani yunkuri na rage yuwuwar kungiyoyin kasashe su mamaye tattaunawar, taron ya yi amfani da tsarin bai daya maimakon kuri'u mafi rinjaye. Tare da kasashe fiye da 160 da suka halarci taron, taron ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1982. Sakamakon taron ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1994, shekara guda bayan jaha ta 60, Guyana, ta amince da yarjejeniyar.
Taron ya gabatar da tanadi da yawa. Mahimman batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da saita iyaka, kewayawa, matsayin tsibiri da tsarin zirga-zirga, yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman (EEZs), ikon shiryayye na nahiyar, hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi, tsarin amfani da ruwa, kare muhallin ruwa, bincike na kimiyya, da sasanta rikice-rikice.
Yarjejeniyar ta saita iyaka na wurare daban-daban, wanda aka auna daga ma'auni a hankali . (A al'ada, layin teku yana bin layin kananan ruwa, amma lokacin da bakin tekun ke da zurfi sosai, yana da tsibiran da ba su da karfi ko kuma ba su da kwanciyar hankali, ana iya amfani da madaidaicin tushe. ) Yankunan sune kamar haka:
Wurin da ke wajen waɗannan wuraren ana kiransa da " Tabbar teku " ko kuma kawai "Yankin".
Baya ga tanade-tanade da ke bayyana iyakokin teku, babban taron ya kafa manyan wajibai na kiyaye muhallin ruwa da kuma kare yancin gudanar da bincike na kimiyya a kan manyan tekuna, sannan kuma ya samar da wata sabuwar doka ta shari'a don sarrafa albarkatun ma'adinai a cikin zurfin tekun da ya wuce ikon kasa, ta hanyar. Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da ka'idodin gama gari na 'yan adam . [4]
Jihohin da ba su da tudu ana ba su haƙƙin shiga da fita cikin teku, ba tare da biyan harajin zirga-zirgar jiragen ƙasa ta jihohin ba. [5]
Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar ya tanadi tsarin mulki da ya shafi ma'adanai a bakin teku a wajen kowace jiha ta ruwa ko EEZ (Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman). Ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya (ISA) don ba da izinin bincike da hako ma'adinai a cikin teku da tattara da rarraba sarakunan hakar ma'adinai a teku.
Amurka ta ki amincewa da tanade-tanaden Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar bisa dalilai da dama, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar ba ta da kyau ga muradun tattalin arziki da tsaro na Amurka. Saboda Sashe na XI, Amurka ta ki amincewa da UNCLOS, kodayake ta bayyana yarjejeniya da sauran tanade-tanaden Yarjejeniyar.
Daga 1982 zuwa 1990, Amurka ta yarda da duka banda Sashe na XI a matsayin dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada, yayin da take kokarin kafa wata sabuwar gwamnati don cin moriyar ma'adanai na zurfin teku. An yi yarjejeniya da wasu kasashe masu hakar ma'adinai a teku kuma an ba da lasisi ga kungiyoyin kasa da Kasa guda hudu. A halin yanzu, an kafa Hukumar Shirye-shiryen don yin shiri don aiwatar da da'awar da masu nema suka amince da Yarjejeniyar, wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. An dai shawo kan takun-saka tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu, amma raguwar bukatar ma'adanai daga bakin tekun ya sa tsarin mulkin tekun ba ya da amfani sosai. Bugu da kari, raguwar gurguzu a karshen 1980s ya kawar da yawancin goyon baya ga wasu tanadin Sashe na XI mai rikitarwa.[ana buƙatar hujja]
A cikin 1990, an fara tuntubar juna tsakanin masu rattaba hannu da wadanda ba su rattaba hannu ba (ciki har da Amurka) game da yiwuwar yin kwaskwarima ga yarjejeniyar don ba da damar kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu su shiga cikin yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon 1994 Yarjejeniyar Aiwatar da Aiwatar da shi an amince da shi a matsayin Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Ya ba da umarnin cewa, ba za a yi amfani da muhimman kasidu, da suka hada da na kayyadaddun samar da gabar teku, da canja wurin fasaha na tilas ba, cewa Amurka, idan ta zama mamba, za ta ba da tabbacin zama a Majalisar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya, kuma a karshen., cewa za a yi kada kuri'a a kungiyance, tare da kowace kungiya za ta iya hana yanke shawara kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Yarjejeniyar ta 1994 ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Kudi wanda zai samo asali ne daga shawarwarin kudi na Hukumar, wanda mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa za su kasance mambobi kai tsaye kuma za a yanke shawara ta hanyar yarjejeniya.
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Kungiyar Rigingimu ta Seabed na Kotun Duniya ta Shari'ar Teku (ITLOS) ta ba da ra'ayi na ba da shawara game da alhakin doka da wajibcin kungiyoyin Jihohin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar game da ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka a yankin daidai da abin da ya dace. tare da Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar da Yarjejeniyar 1994. An ba da shawarar ba da shawarar ne a matsayin martani ga wata buƙata ta hukuma da Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya ta yi biyo bayan aikace-aikace guda biyu da Hukumar Shari'a da Fasaha ta Hukumar ta samu daga Jamhuriyar Nauru da Masarautar Tonga game da ayyukan da aka tsara (shirin aiki don ganowa). polymetallic nodules) da 'yan kwangila biyu da Jihohi suka dauki nauyin gudanarwa a yankin - Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (Jamhuriyar Nauru ta dauki nauyin) da Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (Masarautar Tonga ta dauki nauyin). Ra'ayin ba da shawara ya bayyana alhakin shari'a na kasa da kasa da wajibai na Kasashe Masu Tallafawa da Hukuma don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da aka ba da tallafi ba su cutar da yanayin ruwa ba, daidai da tanadin da ya dace na UNCLOS Sashe na XI, dokokin hukuma, dokar shari'ar ITLOS, sauran yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na duniya., da kuma ka'ida ta 15 na sanarwar Rio na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [6]
Sashe na XII na UNCLOS ya kunshi tanadi na musamman don kare muhallin ruwa, wanda ya wajabta wa dukkan Jihohi yin hadin gwiwa a cikin wannan harka, da kuma sanya wajibai na musamman kan kasashen tuta don tabbatar da cewa jiragen ruwa da ke karkashin tutocinsu suna bin ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da Kasa, wadanda galibin kasashen duniya suka amince da su. IMO . Yarjejeniyar MARPOL misali ne na irin wannan ka'ida. Sashe na XII ya kuma bai wa jihohin bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa tare da fadada Hakkokin hukumci don aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da Kasa a cikin yankinsu da kan manyan tekuna . [7] Manufar ci gaba mai dorewa ta Majalisar dinkin Duniya 14 kuma tana da manufa game da ra'ayin mazan jiya da dorewar amfani da tekuna da albarkatunsu daidai da tsarin doka na UNCLOS.
A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) ta kada kuri'a don kiran taron gwamnatoci (IGC) don yin la'akari da kafa wata doka ta kasa da kasa da ke daure doka (ILBI) kan kiyayewa da dorewar amfani da bambancin halittu fiye da ikon kasa (BBNJ). IGC za ta yi taro don jerin zama hudu tsakanin 2018 da 2020 don yin aiki don cimma yarjejeniya. [8]
An bude taron don sanya hannu a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1982 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1994 bayan kaddamar da kayan aikin 60th na amincewa. Jam’iyyu 168 ne suka amince da taron, wanda ya hada da kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 164, da kasa daya mai lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( Palestine ) da kasashe biyu masu alaka ( tsibiran Cook da Niue ) da Tarayyar Turai .
Muhimmancin UNCLOS ya samo asali ne daga yadda yake tsarawa da daidaita ka'idoji da ka'idojin dokokin teku na kasa da kasa, wadanda suka dogara ne akan kwarewar teku na karni kuma an bayyana su da yawa a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ka'idodin dokokin teku na duniya na yanzu, kamar haka. Kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1958. An Kara karfafa babban bangare na wadannan bukatun kuma an fadada su. [9]
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