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Nijer
Afirka .
’Yan Adam sun rayu a yankin da ake kira Nijar a yanzu tun da farko. An gano gawar Australopithecus bahrelghazali mai shekaru 2 zuwa 3.5 a makwabciyar kasar Chadi . Masana tarihi a Nijar na da aiki da yawa a gabansu, ba tare da sanin tarihin al'ummomin da ke zaune a kudancin kasar ba, gidan mafi yawan 'yan Nijar na zamani.[1] Hamada da tsaunukan arewa, duk da haka, sun ba da hankali ga tsoffin garuruwan da aka yi watsi da su da kuma zane-zanen dutsen da aka riga aka samu a tsaunin Aïr da hamadar Ténéré .
Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 60,000 da suka shige, ’yan Adam sun zauna a hamadar Sahara ta arewacin Nijar tun daga lokacin. Daga baya, a kan kasa mai albarka a lokacin, daga akalla 7,000 KZ an yi kiwo, kiwo da tumaki da awaki, manyan kauyuka da tukwane. An gabatar da shanu zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya ( Ahaggar ) daga 4,000 zuwa 3,500 KZ. Hotunan dutse masu ban sha'awa, da yawa da aka samu a tsaunin Aïr, kwanan wata 3,500 zuwa 2,500 KZ, suna nuna ciyayi da kasancewar dabbobi fiye da yadda ake tsammani na zamani.[2]
Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa yankin da a yanzu ke sahara na arewa maso gabashin Nijar ya kasance gida ne ga al'ummomin zamanin Holocene . Wani rukunin yanar gizo na Saharan ya kwatanta yadda mafarauta-masu kamun kifi suka zauna a gefen tafkuna masu zurfi a kusa da 7700-6200 KZ, amma sun bace a lokacin matsanancin fari wanda wata kila ya dade har tsawon shekaru sama da 6200-5200 KZ. Wasu tsoffin kauyuka na arewa da wuraren binciken kayan tarihi sun kasance tun daga zamanin Green Sahara na 7500-7000 zuwa 3500-3000 BCE.[3] Lokacin da yanayin ya koma ciyayi na savanna—wanda ya fi yanayin yau—kuma tafkuna sun sake bayyana a cikin hamadar Ténére ta zamani, yawan jama’a da ke yin farauta, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Wannan yawan jama'a na karshe ya rayu har zuwa kusan lokutan tarihi, daga 5200-2500 BCE, lokacin da lokacin bushewar yanzu ya fara.[4]
Kamar yadda Sahara ta bushe bayan 2000 KZ, arewacin Nijar ya zama hamada a yau, tare da matsuguni da hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke manne da iska a arewa, da Kaouar da gabar tafkin Chadi a yamma, da (ban da tarwatsawa. oases) galibin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin da a yanzu ke kan iyakar kudu da Najeriya da kuma kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.
Arewacin Afirka yana jin dadin yanayi mai kyau a lokacin da ake fama da talauci; Abin da ake kira Sahara a yanzu yana tallafawa nau'in halittu na savanna, tare da giwaye, rakuman ruwa, da sauran dabbobin ciyawa da na daji a yanzu suna kama da yankin Sahel da ke kudu da hamada. Masanin tarihi kuma dan Afirka Roland Oliver ya bayyana lamarin kamar haka.
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