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Orchestra (/ˈɔːrkɪstrə/Italiyanci: Italian: [orˈkɛstra]) babban gungu ne na kayan kida na gargajiya, wanda ke haɗa kayan kida daga iyalai daban-daban. Akwai manyan sassa huɗu na kayan aikin:
orchestra | |
---|---|
type of musical ensemble/group (en) | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na | instrumental ensemble (en) da music organization (en) |
Members have occupation (en) | orchestral musician (en) |
Wasu kayan kida irin su piano, garaya, da celesta na iya fitowa a wani lokaci a cikin sashe na madannai na biyar ko kuma suna iya tsayawa su kadai a matsayin kayan kidan soloist, kamar yadda kidan kide-kide da wake-waken da, don wasan kwaikwayo na wasu kade-kade na zamani, electronic instruments da gita. [note 1]
Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yamma na iya zama wani lokaci ana kiranta a symphony orchestra ko kuma kade-kade na philharmonic (daga Girkanci phil-,"soyayya", da "jituwa"). Ainihin adadin mawakan da aka yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na iya bambanta daga mawaƙa saba'in zuwa sama da ɗari, ya danganta da aikin da ake kunnawa da girman wurin. Achamber orchestra (wani lokaci mawakan kide-kide) karamin gungu ne wanda bai wuce mawaka hamsin ba.[1] Mawakan da suka kware a waƙar Baroque, alal misali, Johann Sebastian Bach da George Frideric Handel, ko kuma repertoire na gargajiya, irin su Haydn da Mozart, sun kasance sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ke yin repertoire na Romantic kamar waƙoƙin Ludwig van. Beethoven da Johannes Brahms. Hankulan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yau da kullun ta girma a cikin karni na 18th da 19thƘarnu, kololuwa tare da manyan makada (wanda ya kai 120 'yan wasa) sun yi kira ga ayyukan Richard Wagner, daga baya, kumaGustav Mahler.
Yawancin mawaƙa suna da jagorancin jagora wanda ke jagorantar wasan kwaikwayon tare da motsi na hannu da hannu, sau da yawa yana sauƙaƙa wa mawaƙa don gani ta hanyar amfani da sandar madugu. Jagora yana haɗa ƙungiyar makaɗa, saita lokaci kuma ya tsara sautin ƙungiyar. Jagoran yana kuma shirya makada ne ta hanyar jagorantar atisaye a gaban taron jama'a, inda jagoran ya ba wa mawakan umarni kan fassarar wakokin da ake yi.[2]
Jagoran sashin violin na farko -wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da kide-kide-shima yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar mawakan. A zamanin kiɗan Baroque (1600–1750), mawaƙan kide-kide suna jagorantar ƙungiyar makaɗa, ko kuma mawaƙin mawaƙa da ke yin ɓangarorin basso continuo a kan garaya ko sashin bututu, al'adar da wasu 20th suka yi. karni da 21st An ci gaba da gungun wakokin farkon karni. Mawakan suna wasa da yawa na repertoire, gami da kade-kade, wasan opera da ballet overtures, kade-kade na kayan kida na solo, da kuma a matsayin tarin ramin wasan operas, ballets, da wasu nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kida (misali, Gilbert da Sullivan operettas).
Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa masu son sun haɗa da waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗalibai daga makarantar firamare ko sakandare, ƙungiyoyin kade-kade na matasa, da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta al'umma; biyun na ƙarshe yawanci sun ƙunshi mawaƙa daga wani birni ko yanki.
Kalmar ƙungiyar makaɗa ta samo asali ne daga harshen Girkanci ὀρχήστρα (ƙungiyar mawaƙa), sunan yankin da ke gaban wani mataki a tsohuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka da aka keɓe don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Girka.[3]
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