Kwamfuta na girgije

kwamfuta na girgije ^[1] wata hanyace da albarkatun tsarin kwamfuta, musamman ajiyar bayanai a kan girgije sama (ajiyar girgije) da ikon kwamfuta, ba tare da gudanarwa kai tsaye ta mai amfani da mutum ba. ^[2] Manyan girgije galibi suna da ayyuka da aka rarraba a wurare da yawa, kowannensu cibiyar bayanai ce. Kwamfuta ta girgije ta dogara da raba albarkatu don cimma daidaituwa kuma yawanci tana amfani da tsarin biyan kuɗi, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen rage kuɗin kuɗi amma kuma yana iya haifar da Kudin aiki ba zato ba tsammani ga masu amfani.^[3][4]

 

Misali na lissafin girgije: ƙungiyar abubuwan da ke ba da sabis ba sa buƙatar magance su ko sarrafa su ta hanyar masu amfani; maimakon haka, ana iya tunanin duk kayan aikin da software da ke sarrafawa a matsayin girgije mara kyau.

Ma'anar

Wata sadarwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da aka bayar a shekarar 2012 ta yi jayayya cewa faɗin iyakar da aka bayar ta hanyar lissafin girgije ya sanya ma'anar gaba ɗaya "mai rikitarwa", ^[5] yayin da Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idoji da Fasaha ta Amurka ta 2011 ma'anar lissafin girgizar ta gano "abubuwa biyar masu mahimmanci":

• Aikin kai da ake bukata. Abokin ciniki na iya samar da damar lissafi, kamar lokacin uwar garken da ajiyar cibiyar sadarwa, kamar yadda ake buƙata ta atomatik ba tare da buƙatar hulɗar ɗan adam tare da kowane mai ba da sabis ba.
• Samun damar cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi. Ana samun damar yin amfani da ita ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ana samun damar ta hanyar daidaitattun hanyoyin da ke inganta amfani da dandamali masu mahimmanci ko masu kauri (misali, wayoyin hannu, allunan, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, da wuraren aiki).
• Haɗin albarkatun.. Ana haɗa albarkatun lissafi na mai ba da sabis don yin hidima ga masu amfani da yawa ta amfani da samfurin mai haya da yawa, tare da albarkatun jiki da na kama-da-wane daban-daban da aka sanya su kuma aka sake su bisa ga bukatar mabukaci.   
• Saurin sassauci. Za'a iya samar da iyawa ta hanyar sassauci kuma a sake shi, a wasu lokuta ta atomatik, don haɓaka cikin sauri zuwa waje da ciki daidai da buƙata. Ga mabukaci, damar da ake samu don samarwa sau da yawa ba ta da iyaka kuma ana iya amfani da su a kowane adadi a kowane lokaci.
• Ayyukan da aka auna. Tsarin girgije yana sarrafawa ta atomatik da inganta amfani da albarkatu ta hanyar amfani da damar ma'auni a wani matakin abstraction wanda ya dace da nau'in sabis (misali, ajiya, sarrafawa, bandwidth, da asusun mai amfani mai aiki). Ana iya saka idanu kan amfani da albarkatu, sarrafawa, da kuma bayar da rahoto, samar da gaskiya ga mai ba da sabis da mabukaci na sabis ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, kodayake ga wasu kungiyoyi tasirin kudaden shiga na amfani mai yawa na iya shafar riba, idan aka kwatanta da zaɓi na farashin kudade. ^[4]

Tarihi

  Kwamfuta ta girgije tana da tarihin da ya kai ga shekarun 1960, tare da ra'ayoyin farko na raba lokaci ya zama sananne ta hanyar shigar da aiki mai nisa (RJE). Tsarin "cibiyar bayanai", inda masu amfani suka gabatar da ayyuka ga masu aiki don gudana a kan mainframes, an fi amfani da shi a wannan zamanin. Wannan lokaci ne na bincike da gwaji tare da hanyoyin da za a samar da ikon lissafi mai girma ga ƙarin masu amfani ta hanyar raba lokaci, inganta ababen more rayuwa, dandamali, da aikace-aikace, da haɓaka inganci ga masu amfani na ƙarshe.^[6]

Misali na "dukiya" don ayyukan virtualized ya kasance a cikin 1994, lokacin da Janar Magic ya yi amfani da shi don sararin samaniya na "wurin" cewa jami'an hannu a cikin yanayin Telescript zasu iya "tafi". An ba da kwatancin ga David Hoffman, ƙwararren masani na sadarwa na Janar Magic, bisa ga amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin hanyar sadarwa da sadarwa. Maganar lissafin girgije ya zama sananne a cikin 1996 lokacin da Kamfanin Kwamfuta na Compaq ya tsara shirin kasuwanci don lissafin gaba da Intanet. Manufar kamfanin ita ce ta yi tallace-tallace mai yawa tare da "aikace-aikacen da ke da damar lissafin girgije". Shirin kasuwanci ya ga cewa ajiyar fayil ɗin mabukaci na kan layi zai iya samun nasara a kasuwanci. A sakamakon haka, Compaq ya yanke shawarar sayar da kayan aikin uwar garken ga Masu ba da sabis na intanet.

A cikin 2000s, aikace-aikacen lissafin girgije ya fara farawa tare da kafa Amazon Web Services (AWS) a cikin 2002, wanda ya ba masu haɓakawa damar gina aikace-aikace da kansu. A shekara ta 2006 an saki sigar beta ta Google Docs, Amazon Simple Storage Service, wanda aka fi sani da Amazon S3, da kuma Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), a cikin ci gaban NASA na 2008 na software na farko na bude don tura girgije masu zaman kansu da na mahaukaci.^[7][8]

Shekaru goma masu zuwa sun ga ƙaddamar da sabis na girgije daban-daban. A cikin 2010, Microsoft ta ƙaddamar da Microsoft Azure, kuma Rackspace Hosting da NASA sun fara aikin software na girgije, OpenStack. IBM ta gabatar da tsarin IBM SmartCloud a cikin 2011, kuma Oracle ta sanar da Oracle Cloud a cikin 2012. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Amazon ta ƙaddamar da AWS Outposts, sabis ɗin da ke faɗaɗa ababen more rayuwa na AWS, ayyuka, APIs, da kayan aiki ga cibiyoyin bayanan abokan ciniki, wurare masu haɗin gwiwa, ko wuraren da ke kan gida.^[9][10]

Tun bayan annobar duniya ta 2020, fasahar girgije ta karu da shahara saboda matakin tsaro na bayanai da take bayarwa da kuma sassauci na zaɓuɓɓukan aiki da take bayar wa dukkan ma'aikata, musamman ma ma'aikata masu nisa.^[11]

Darajar da aka bayar

Masu ba da shawara game da girgije na jama'a da na mahaukaci suna da'awar cewa lissafin girgije yana bawa kamfanoni damar gujewa ko rage farashin Kayan aikin IT na gaba. Masu goyon baya sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa lissafin girgije yana bawa kamfanoni damar samun aikace-aikace su da sauri, tare da ingantaccen sarrafawa da ƙananan kulawa, kuma yana bawa ƙungiyoyin IT damar daidaita albarkatun da sauri don saduwa da buƙatun da ba za a iya tsammani ba, ^{[12] [13] [14]} samar da ƙwarewar ƙididdiga mai ƙarfi: ƙarfin ƙididdiga a wasu lokutan buƙatun ƙaruwa.

Ƙarin ƙimar ƙididdigar girgije sun haɗa da:

Batun da aka yi amfani da shi	Bayyanawa
Rage farashin	Misali na isar da girgije na jama'a yana canza kudaden da aka kashe (misali, sayen sabobin) zuwa kudaden aiki.[15] Wannan ana zaton yana rage shingen shiga, kamar yadda yawancin kayan aikin ke samuwa daga wani ɓangare na uku kuma ba lallai ba ne a saya su don aiki ɗaya ko aiki mai zurfi na lissafi. Farashi a kan lissafin amfani shine "kyakkyawan ƙira", tare da zaɓuɓɓukan biyan kuɗi na amfani. Hakanan, ana buƙatar ƙwarewar IT ta cikin gida don aiwatar da ayyukan da ke amfani da lissafin girgije.[16] Gidan ajiyar e-FISCAL na zamani ya ƙunshi labarai da yawa da ke duban bangarorin farashi a cikin cikakkun bayanai, mafi yawansu suna kammala cewa tanadin farashi ya dogara da nau'in ayyukan da aka tallafa da kuma nau'in ababen more rayuwa da ke cikin gida.[17]
Samun 'yancin kai na na'ura	Na'urar da kuma 'yancin kai na wuri yana bawa masu amfani damar samun dama ga tsarin ta amfani da burauzar yanar gizo ba tare da la'akari da wurin da suke amfani da shi ba (misali, PC, wayar hannu).[18] Kamar yadda ababen more rayuwa ba ta da shafin (yawanci ana bayar da ita ta hanyar ɓangare na uku) kuma ana samun damar ta hanyar Intanet, masu amfani na iya haɗi zuwa gare ta daga ko'ina.[16] [ƙananan alpha 1][lower-alpha 1]
Kulawa	Kula da yanayin girgije ya fi sauƙi saboda ana karɓar bayanai a kan uwar garken waje wanda mai ba da sabis ke kula da shi ba tare da buƙatar saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aikin cibiyar bayanai ba. Kula da IT na lissafin girgije ana sarrafa shi kuma ana sabunta shi ta ƙungiyar kula da IT ta mai ba da girgije wanda ke rage farashin lissafin girgizar idan aka kwatanta da cibiyoyin bayanai na gida.
Ayyuka da yawa	Multitenancy yana ba da damar raba albarkatu da farashi a duk faɗin babban tafkin masu amfani don haka yana ba da izini ga: tsakiya na ababen more rayuwa a wurare tare da ƙananan farashi (kamar dukiya, wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu) ƙaruwar ƙarfin nauyi (masu amfani ba sa buƙatar injiniya kuma suna biyan kuɗi don albarkatu da kayan aiki don saduwa da matakan nauyin su mafi girma) amfani da ingantaccen ingantaccen tsarin da ake amfani da su sau da yawa kawai 10-20% . [19]
Ayyuka	Masana IT suna sa ido kan aikin daga mai ba da sabis, kuma ana gina gine-ginen da suka dace da kuma ba su da alaƙa ta amfani da ayyukan yanar gizo a matsayin tsarin tsarin tsarin. [16][20]
Samun aiki	Za'a iya ƙara yawan aiki lokacin da masu amfani da yawa zasu iya aiki a kan bayanai iri ɗaya a lokaci guda, maimakon jiran a adana shi kuma a aika shi da imel. Ana iya adana lokaci kamar yadda ba a buƙatar sake shigar da bayanai lokacin da filayen suka dace, kuma masu amfani suna buƙatar shigar da haɓakar software na aikace-aikace zuwa kwamfutar su.
Samun sa	Samun yana ingantawa tare da amfani da shafukan yanar gizo masu yawa, wanda ke sa ƙididdigar girgije da aka tsara da kyau ya dace da ci gaba da kasuwanci da dawo da bala'i.[21]
Girma da sassauci	Scalability da elasticity ta hanyar dynamic ("a kan buƙata") samar da albarkatu a kan ingantaccen hatsi, tushen sabis na kai a kusa da ainihin lokaci, ba tare da masu amfani da yin injiniya ba.[22][23] Wannan yana ba da damar haɓaka lokacin da buƙatar amfani ke ƙaruwa ko ƙasa idan ba a amfani da albarkatun ba.[24] Amfanin ingantaccen lokaci na daidaitawar girgije yana nufin saurin lokaci zuwa kasuwa, ƙarin sassauci na kasuwanci, da daidaitawa, kamar yadda ƙara sabbin albarkatun ba sa ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa kamar yadda ya saba. Hanyoyi masu tasowa don sarrafa sassauci sun haɗa da amfani da dabarun ilmantarwa na inji don ba da shawarar samfuran sassauci masu inganci.[25]
Tsaro	Tsaro na iya ingantawa saboda tsakiya na bayanai, karuwar albarkatun tsaro, da dai sauransu, amma damuwa na iya ci gaba game da asarar iko akan wasu bayanai masu mahimmanci, da rashin tsaro ga ƙwayoyin da aka adana. Tsaro sau da yawa yana da kyau kamar ko mafi kyau fiye da sauran tsarin gargajiya, a wani bangare saboda masu ba da sabis suna iya ba da albarkatu don warware matsalolin tsaro waɗanda abokan ciniki da yawa ba za su iya magance su ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha don magance su.[26] Koyaya, rikitarwa na tsaro yana ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da aka rarraba bayanai a kan yanki mai faɗi ko a kan na'urori da yawa, da kuma a cikin tsarin masu haya da yawa waɗanda masu amfani da ba su da alaƙa. Bugu da kari, damar mai amfani da bayanan binciken tsaro na iya zama da wahala ko ba zai yiwu ba. Shigar da girgije mai zaman kansa a wani bangare yana motsawa da sha'awar masu amfani don riƙe iko akan ababen more rayuwa da guje wa rasa iko da tsaro na bayanai.

Ƙalubalen da iyakoki

  Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen ƙididdigar girgije, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigari na gargajiya, shine tsaro da sirri. Masu amfani da girgije suna ba da bayanan su masu mahimmanci ga masu samar da ɓangare na uku, waɗanda ƙila ba su da isasshen matakan kare shi daga damar da ba a ba da izini ba, karyawa, ko ɓoyewa. Masu amfani da girgije kuma suna fuskantar haɗarin bin doka idan dole ne su bi wasu ka'idoji ko ka'idojin game da kariya ta bayanai, kamar GDPR ko HIPAA . ^[27]

Wani ƙalubale na lissafin girgije shine rage ganuwa da sarrafawa. Masu amfani da girgije bazai da cikakken fahimta game da yadda ake sarrafa albarkatun girgije, tsarawa, ko ingantawa ta masu samar da su. Hakanan suna iya samun iyakantaccen ikon keɓancewa ko canza ayyukan girgije bisa ga takamaiman bukatunsu ko abubuwan da suka fi so.^[27] Cikakken fahimtar dukkan fasahohi na iya zama ba zai yiwu ba, musamman idan aka ba da sikelin, rikitarwa, da kuma ɓoyewar tsarin zamani; duk da haka, akwai buƙatar fahimtar fasahohi mai rikitarwa da haɗin gwiwar su don samun iko da hukuma a cikinsu. Ana iya ganin kwatanci girgije a matsayin matsala kamar yadda lissafin girgije ke riƙe da wani abu mai ma'ana da numinous; wani abu ne da aka samu ba tare da fahimtar ainihin abin da yake ba ko yadda yake aiki.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙaurawar girgije babbar ƙalubale ce. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da canja wurin bayanai, aikace-aikace, ko aiki daga wani yanayin girgije zuwa wani, ko daga kayan aikin gida zuwa girgije. Gudun girgije na iya zama mai rikitarwa, mai cin lokaci, kuma mai tsada, musamman idan akwai matsalolin jituwa tsakanin dandamali daban-daban na girgije ko gine-gine. Idan ba a tsara shi da kyau ba kuma an aiwatar da shi, ƙaurawar girgije na iya haifar da lokacin sauka, rage aikin, ko ma asarar bayanai.^[28]

Tsaro da sirri

Dole ne masu samar da girgije da yarjejeniyar tsaro da sirri su dace da buƙatun (s) da buƙatun.

  Kwamfuta ta girgije tana haifar da damuwa game da sirri saboda mai ba da sabis na iya samun damar bayanan da ke cikin girgije a kowane lokaci. Zai iya canzawa ko share bayanai ba da gangan ba.^[29] Yawancin masu samar da girgije na iya raba bayanai tare da wasu idan ya cancanta don dalilai na doka da oda ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Wannan an ba da izini a cikin manufofin sirrin su, wanda masu amfani dole ne su yarda da shi kafin su fara amfani da ayyukan girgije. Maganin sirri sun haɗa da manufofi da dokoki da kuma zaɓin masu amfani na ƙarshe game da yadda ake adana bayanai.^[29] Masu amfani na iya ɓoye bayanan da aka sarrafa ko adana a cikin girgije don hana samun dama ba tare da izini ba.^[29] Tsarin gudanar da ainihi na iya samar da mafita masu amfani ga damuwa game da sirri a cikin lissafin girgije. Wadannan tsarin suna rarrabe tsakanin masu amfani da izini da marasa izini kuma suna ƙayyade adadin bayanan da ke samuwa ga kowane bangare.^[30] Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar ƙirƙirar da bayyana ainihi, ayyukan rikodin, da kuma kawar da asalin da ba a amfani da su ba.

A cewar Cloud Security Alliance, manyan barazanar uku a cikin girgije sune Insecure Interfaces da APIs, Data Loss & Leakage, da Hardware Failure - wanda ya kai kashi 29%, 25% da 10% na duk katsewar tsaro na girgije bi da bi. Tare, waɗannan suna da raunin fasahar da aka raba. A cikin dandalin mai ba da girgije wanda masu amfani daban-daban ke raba, akwai yiwuwar cewa bayanan da ke cikin abokan ciniki daban-daban suna zaune a kan uwar garken bayanai iri ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, Eugene Schultz, babban jami'in fasaha a Emagined Security, ya ce masu fashin kwamfuta suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa da ƙoƙari don neman hanyoyin shiga cikin girgije. "Akwai wasu hakikanin ƙafar Achilles a cikin kayan aikin girgije waɗanda ke yin manyan ramuka ga mugayen mutane su shiga". Saboda ana iya adana bayanai daga daruruwan ko dubban kamfanoni a kan manyan sabobin girgije, masu fashin kwamfuta na iya samun iko da manyan adana bayanai ta hanyar hari guda ɗaya - tsari da ya kira "hyperjacking". Wasu misalai na wannan sun haɗa da rushewar tsaro na Dropbox, da kuma leak na iCloud 2014.^[31] An karya Dropbox a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, bayan da masu amfani da shi sun sace kalmomin shiga sama da miliyan bakwai a kokarin samun darajar kuɗi daga gare ta ta Bitcoins (BTC). Ta hanyar samun waɗannan kalmomin shiga, suna iya karanta bayanan sirri da kuma sanya waɗannan bayanan ta hanyar injunan bincike (samar da bayanan jama'a). ^[31]

Akwai matsalar mallakar doka na bayanan (Idan mai amfani ya adana wasu bayanai a cikin girgije, mai ba da girgije zai iya samun riba daga gare ta?). Yawancin yarjejeniyar Sabis suna shiru a kan batun mallaka. Kula da kayan aikin kwamfuta (girgije mai zaman kansa) ya fi aminci fiye da samun kayan aiki a waje da shafin kuma a ƙarƙashin ikon wani (girgije na jama'a). Wannan yana ba da babbar ƙarfafawa ga masu ba da sabis na lissafin girgije na jama'a don ba da fifiko ga gini da kiyaye ingantaccen gudanarwa na ayyukan tsaro.^[32] Wasu ƙananan kamfanoni waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa a cikin tsaro na IT za su iya gano cewa ya fi aminci a gare su su su yi amfani da girgije na jama'a. Akwai haɗarin cewa masu amfani na ƙarshe ba su fahimci batutuwan da suka shafi lokacin da suke sanya hannu zuwa sabis na girgije (mutane wani lokacin ba sa karanta shafuka da yawa na yarjejeniyar sabis, kuma kawai danna "Amincewa" ba tare da karantawa ba). Wannan yana da mahimmanci yanzu cewa lissafin girgije ya zama ruwan dare kuma ana buƙatar wasu ayyuka don aiki, misali ga mataimakin mutum mai basira (Siriya na Apple ko Mataimakin Google). Ainihin, girgije mai zaman kansa ana ganin shi mafi aminci tare da matakan iko mafi girma ga mai shi, duk da haka girgije na jama'a yana ganin ya fi sauƙi kuma yana buƙatar ƙasa da lokaci da saka hannun jari daga mai amfani.^[33]

Hare-haren da za a iya yi akan tsarin lissafin girgije sun haɗa da hare-haren mutum-a-tsaki, hare-hares na phishing, hare-hare na tabbatarwa, da hare-hare masu cutarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar an dauke shi hare-haren malware, kamar Dawakai na Trojan. Binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan a cikin 2022 ya nuna cewa hanyar allurar Trojan doki matsala ce mai tsanani tare da tasiri mai cutarwa akan tsarin lissafin girgije.^[34]

Misalai na sabis

Kwatanta a cikin gida, IaaS, PaaS, da SaaS

Cloud computing service models arranged as layers in a stack

gine-ginen da aka tsara don sabis (SOA) yana inganta ra'ayin "Duk abin da ke cikin sabis" (EaaS ko XaaS, ko kuma kawai aAsS). Wannan ra'ayi ana sarrafa shi a cikin lissafin girgije ta hanyar samfuran sabis da yawa kamar yadda Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idoji da Fasaha ta Kasa (NIST) ta bayyana. Misalai guda uku na sabis sune Infrastructure a matsayin Sabis (IaaS), Platform a matsayin Sabisi (PaaS), da Software a matsayin Sabis Sabis (SaaS). Ana nuna su a matsayin yadudduka a cikin tarin, suna ba da matakai daban-daban na abstraction. Koyaya, waɗannan yadudduka ba lallai bane su dogara da juna. Misali, ana iya isar da SaaS a kan ƙarfe mara kyau, ta hanyar PaaS da IaaS, kuma shirin na iya gudana kai tsaye akan IaaS ba tare da an kunshe shi a matsayin SaaS ba.

Infrastructure a matsayin sabis (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) yana nufin sabis na kan layi wanda ke ba da APIs masu girma waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don cire bayanai daban-daban na ƙananan kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa kamar albarkatun lissafi na zahiri, wuri, rarraba bayanai, sikelin, tsaro, ajiya, da dai sauransu. Mai kula da hypervisor yana gudanar da injunan kama-da-wane a matsayin baƙi. Rukunin hypervisors a cikin tsarin aiki na girgije na iya tallafawa adadi mai yawa na injuna masu kama da juna da kuma ikon haɓaka ayyuka sama da ƙasa bisa ga buƙatun abokan ciniki daban-daban. Kwamfutocin Linux suna gudana a cikin ɓangarori masu zaman kansu na ƙwayoyin Linux guda ɗaya da ke gudana kai tsaye akan kayan aikin jiki. Linux cgroups da namespaces sune fasahar kernel na Linux da aka yi amfani da ita don warewa, tabbatarwa da sarrafa kwantena. Amfani da kwantena yana ba da aiki mafi girma fiye da virtualization saboda babu hypervisor a sama. IaaS girgije sau da yawa yana ba da ƙarin albarkatu kamar ɗakin karatu na hoto na inji, ajiyar toshe, fayil ko ajiyar abu, firewalls, ma'aunin kaya, Adireshin IP, cibiyoyin sadarwar yanki na gida (VLANs), da kuma kayan aikin software.

Masu samar da IaaS-cloud suna ba da waɗannan albarkatun bisa buƙata daga manyan tafkunan kayan aikin da aka girka a cibiyoyin bayanai. Don haɗin yanki mai faɗi, abokan ciniki na iya amfani da ko dai Intanet ko girgije mai ɗaukar kaya (ƙungiyoyin sadarwar masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu). Don tura aikace-aikacen su, masu amfani da girgije suna shigar da hotunan tsarin aiki da software na aikace-aikace akan kayan aikin girgije. A cikin wannan samfurin, mai amfani da girgije yana gyarawa kuma yana kula da tsarin aiki da software na aikace-aikace. Masu samar da girgije yawanci suna lissafin sabis na IaaS akan ƙididdigar amfani: farashi yana nuna yawan albarkatun da aka rarraba da cinyewa.^[35]

Dandalin a matsayin sabis (PaaS)

Ma'anar NIST game da lissafin girgije ya bayyana Platform a matsayin Sabis kamar haka:

Masu siyar da PaaS suna ba da yanayin ci gaba ga masu haɓaka aikace-aikace. Mai ba da sabis yawanci yana haɓaka kayan aiki da ƙa'idodi don ci gaba da tashoshi don rarrabawa da biyan kuɗi. A cikin samfuran PaaS, masu samar da girgije suna ba da dandamali na kwamfuta, yawanci sun haɗa da tsarin aiki, yanayin aiwatar da harshe, bayanan bayanai, da uwar garken yanar gizo. Masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen suna haɓaka da gudanar da software a kan dandalin girgije maimakon sayen kai tsaye da sarrafa kayan aikin da software. Tare da wasu PaaS, kwamfuta da albarkatun ajiya suna daidaitawa ta atomatik don daidaita buƙatun aikace-aikace don mai amfani da girgije ba dole ba ne ya rarraba albarkatun da hannu.   ^{[need quotation to verify]}

Wasu masu samar da haɗin kai da sarrafa bayanai suna amfani da aikace-aikace na musamman na PaaS a matsayin samfuran isar da bayanai. Misalan sun hada da iPaaS (Integration Platform as a Service) da dPaaS (Data Platform as a Services). iPaaS yana bawa kwastomomi damar haɓaka, aiwatarwa da sarrafa haɗin kai.^[36] A karkashin tsarin haɗin iPaaS, abokan ciniki suna fitar da ci gaba da tura haɗin kai ba tare da shigarwa ko sarrafa duk wani kayan aiki ko kayan aiki ba.^[37] dPaaS yana ba da haɗin kai - da sarrafa bayanai - samfuran a matsayin cikakken sabis na sarrafawa.^[38] A karkashin samfurin dPaaS, mai ba da PaaS, ba abokin ciniki ba, yana sarrafa ci gaba da aiwatar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar gina aikace-aikacen bayanai ga abokin ciniki. Masu amfani da dPaaS suna samun damar bayanai ta hanyar kayan aikin gani.^[39]

"Backend" a matsayin sabis (BaaS)

Ma'anar NIST game da lissafin girgije ya bayyana Software a matsayin Sabis kamar haka:

A cikin samfurin software a matsayin sabis (SaaS), masu amfani suna samun damar yin amfani da software da bayanan bayanai. Masu samar da girgije suna sarrafa ababen more rayuwa da dandamali waɗanda ke gudanar da aikace-aikacen. SaaS wani lokacin ana kiranta "software na buƙata" kuma yawanci ana farashi akan biyan kuɗi ko amfani da kuɗin biyan kuɗi. A cikin samfurin SaaS, masu samar da girgije suna shigarwa da aiki da software na aikace-aikace a cikin girgije da masu amfani da girgije don samun damar software daga abokan ciniki na girgije. Masu amfani da girgije ba sa sarrafa kayan aikin girgije da dandamali inda aikace-aikacen ke gudana. Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar shigarwa da gudanar da aikace-aikacen akan kwamfutocin mai amfani da girgije, wanda ke sauƙaƙa kulawa da tallafi. Aikace-aikacen girgije sun bambanta da sauran aikace-aikacen a cikin girman su - wanda za'a iya cimma shi ta hanyar yin aiki a kan na'urori masu kama da juna da yawa a lokacin gudu don saduwa da canjin buƙatun aiki. Masu daidaita nauyin kaya suna rarraba aikin akan saitin injuna masu kama da juna. Wannan tsari a bayyane yake ga mai amfani da girgije, wanda ke ganin kawai wani wuri guda. Don karɓar yawan masu amfani da girgije, aikace-aikacen girgije na iya zama mai yawa, ma'ana cewa kowane na'ura na iya aiki fiye da ƙungiyar mai amfani da girgizar ƙasa ɗaya.

Misali na farashi don aikace-aikacen SaaS yawanci kuɗin kowane wata ko shekara-shekara ne ga kowane mai amfani, don haka farashin ya zama mai daidaitawa kuma mai daidaitawa idan an kara ko cire masu amfani a kowane lokaci. Hakanan yana iya zama kyauta.^[40] Masu goyon baya suna da'awar cewa SaaS yana ba da kasuwanci damar rage farashin aiki na IT ta hanyar fitarwa da kayan aiki da kiyaye software da tallafi ga mai ba da girgije. Wannan yana bawa kasuwancin damar sake rarraba farashin ayyukan IT daga kayan aiki / software da kuma kashe kuɗin ma'aikata, zuwa saduwa da wasu manufofi. Bugu da ƙari, tare da aikace-aikacen da aka shirya a tsakiya, ana iya saki sabuntawa ba tare da buƙatar masu amfani su shigar da sabon software ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na SaaS ya zo ne tare da adana bayanan masu amfani akan uwar garken mai ba da girgije. A sakamakon haka, ana iya samun damar yin amfani da bayanan ba tare da izini ba. Tsaro alama ce mai mahimmanci na samfuran SaaS kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da shi yayin aiwatar da aikin. Abubuwan tsaro masu ƙarfi suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye bayanan sirri. Muhimman dabarun tsaro don aikace-aikacen SaaS sun haɗa da ɓoye bayanai (kariya da bayanai masu mahimmanci yayin watsawa da ajiya), tabbatarwa (sanyawa da iyakance damar bisa ga matakan da matsayi), tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa (kayan aikin rigakafi da kariya daga barazanar yanar gizo), da bin dokokin ka'idoji. ^[41]Misalan aikace-aikacen da aka bayar a matsayin SaaS sune wasanni da software na aiki kamar Google Docs da Office Online. Ana iya haɗa aikace-aikacen SaaS tare da ajiyar girgije ko sabis na karɓar fayil, wanda shine yanayin tare da Google Docs ana haɗa su tare da Google Drive, kuma Office Online ana haɗa su da OneDrive.^[42]

A cikin "baya" a matsayin samfurin (m), wanda aka fi sani da "baya ta wayar hannu a matsayin sabis" (MBaaS), ana ba da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo da masu haɓaka aikace-aikace na hannu da hanyar haɗa aikace-aikacinsu zuwa ajiyar girgije da sabis na lissafin girgije tare da hanyoyin shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacenta (APIs) da aka fallasa ga aikace-aikaensu da kayan haɓaka software na al'ada (SDKs). Ayyuka sun haɗa da gudanar da mai amfani, sanarwar turawa, haɗin kai tare da Ayyukan sadarwar jama'a da ƙari. Wannan samfurin kwanan nan ne a cikin lissafin girgije, tare da mafi yawan BaaS farawa daga 2011 ko daga baya ^{[43] [44]} amma yanayin ya nuna cewa waɗannan ayyukan suna samun mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da masu amfani da kamfanoni.^[45][46][47]

Kwamfuta mara uwar garken ko aiki-kamar-a-Service (FaaS)

Kwamfuta mara amfani shine samfurin aiwatar da lambar lissafin girgije wanda mai ba da girgije ke sarrafa farawa da dakatar da na'urori masu kisa da juna kamar yadda ya cancanta don ba da buƙatun. Ana biyan buƙatun ta hanyar ma'auni na albarkatun da ake buƙata don gamsar da buƙatun, maimakon ta kowane na'ura mai kama da juna a kowace awa.^[48] Duk da sunan, kwamfuta mara uwar garken ba ta da lambar gudana ba tare da sabobin ba.^[48] Kasuwanci ko mutum da ke amfani da tsarin ba lallai bane ya saya, hayar ko samar da sabobin ko na'urori masu kama da juna don lambar baya don gudana.

Ayyuka a matsayin Sabis (FaaS) kira ne na hanya mai nisa wanda aka shirya a matsayin sabis, yana amfani da kwamfuta mara uwar garken don tura ayyuka na mutum a cikin girgije wanda ke gudana don mayar da martani ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Wasu suna la'akari da FaaS don fadawa ƙarƙashin laima na Kwamfuta mara uwar garken, yayin da wasu ke amfani da kalmomin musayar.

Misalai na turawa

Nau'ikan lissafin girgije

Ana kiran tura ayyuka zuwa girgije a matsayin ƙaurawar girgije.

Gudun girgije na baya, wanda aka fi sani da dawo da girgije, yana nufin motsa kayan aiki na girgije zuwa kayan aikin gida ciki har da cibiyoyin bayanai na kasuwanci, masu ba da haɗin kai, da masu ba da sabis na sarrafawa. Komawar girgije yana faruwa ne saboda damuwa game da tsaro, farashi, matsalolin aiki, matsalolin jituwa, da damuwa game da lokaci.

Masu zaman kansu

Cloud mai zaman kansa shine kayan aikin girgije wanda ke aiki ne kawai don ƙungiya ɗaya, ko ana sarrafa shi a ciki ko ta ɓangare na uku, kuma ana karɓar bakuncin ko dai a ciki ko waje. Gudanar da aikin girgije mai zaman kansa yana buƙatar babban aiki don inganta yanayin kasuwanci, kuma yana buƙatar ƙungiyar ta sake kimanta yanke shawara game da albarkatun da ke akwai. Zai iya inganta kasuwanci, amma kowane mataki a cikin aikin yana tayar da batutuwan tsaro waɗanda dole ne a magance su don hana manyan rauni. cibiyoyin bayanai masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya suna da babban birnin.^[49] Suna da muhimmiyar sawun jiki, suna buƙatar rarraba sarari, kayan aiki, da kula da muhalli. Wadannan kadarorin dole ne a sabunta su lokaci-lokaci, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin kashe kuɗi. Sun jawo hankalin zargi saboda masu amfani "har yanzu suna sayen, gina, da sarrafa su" kuma saboda haka ba sa amfana daga karancin gudanarwa, ainihin "[rashin] tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ke sa lissafin girgije ya zama irin wannan ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa". ^[50][51][52]

Ana ɗaukar ayyukan girgije "na jama'a" lokacin da aka isar da su ta Intanet na jama'a, kuma ana iya ba da su azaman biyan kuɗi, ko kyauta.^[53] A cikin gine-gine, akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin ayyukan girgije na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, amma damuwa game da tsaro yana ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da (aikace-aikace, ajiya, da sauran albarkatu) abokan ciniki da yawa suka raba. Yawancin masu samar da girgije na jama'a suna ba da sabis na haɗin kai tsaye wanda ke bawa kwastomomi damar haɗa cibiyoyin bayanan su na gado zuwa aikace-aikacen mazaunin girgije.^[16][54]

Abubuwa da yawa kamar aikin mafita, farashi, al'amuran hadin kai da ƙungiyoyi gami da aminci & tsaro suna rinjayar shawarar kamfanoni da kungiyoyi don zaɓar girgije na jama'a ko mafita a cikin gida.^[55]

Hybrid

Haɗe-haɗe girgije ne na jama'a da kuma masu zaman kansu yanayi, kamar su masu zaman kansu ko a cikin gidaje, ^{[56] [57]} waɗanda suka kasance daban-daban amma an ɗaure su tare, suna ba da fa'idodin samfuran turawa da yawa. Haɗe-haɗe girgije na iya nufin ikon haɗa haɗin kai, sarrafawa da / ko sadaukar da sabis tare da albarkatun girgije. Gartner ya bayyana sabis na girgije na haɗari a matsayin sabis na lissafin girgije wanda ya ƙunshi wasu haɗuwa da sabis na girgizar ƙasa masu zaman kansu, na jama'a da na al'umma, daga masu ba da sabis daban-daban.^[58] Sabis ɗin girgije na haɗuwa ya ƙetare keɓewa da iyakokin mai ba da sabis don a iya sanya shi a cikin rukuni ɗaya na sabis na girgije na sirri, na jama'a, ko na al'umma. Yana ba da damar mutum ya faɗaɗa ko dai ƙarfin ko damar sabis na girgije, ta hanyar tarawa, haɗin kai ko keɓancewa tare da wani sabis na girgizar.

Akwai lokuta daban-daban na amfani da girgije na hadaddun. Misali, kungiya na iya adana bayanan abokin ciniki mai mahimmanci a cikin gida a kan aikace-aikacen girgije mai zaman kansa, amma haɗa wannan aikace-aikace zuwa aikace-aikacin leken asiri na kasuwanci da aka bayar akan girgije na jama'a a matsayin sabis na software.^[59] Wannan misali na girgije mai haɗari yana faɗaɗa damar kamfanin don isar da takamaiman sabis na kasuwanci ta hanyar ƙara ayyukan girgije na jama'a a waje. Samun girgije na Hybrid ya dogara da dalilai da yawa kamar tsaro na bayanai da buƙatun bin doka, matakin sarrafawa da ake buƙata akan bayanai, da aikace-aikacen da ƙungiyar ke amfani da su.^[60]

Sauran

Al'umma

Al'umma girgije yana raba ababen more rayuwa tsakanin kungiyoyi da yawa daga takamaiman al'umma tare da damuwa na yau da kullun (tsaro, bin doka, iko, da dai sauransu), ko ana sarrafa shi a ciki ko ta ɓangare na uku, kuma ana karɓar bakuncin ciki ko waje, ana rarraba farashin tsakanin ƙananan masu amfani idan aka kwatanta da girgije na jama'a (amma fiye da girgije mai zaman kansa). A sakamakon haka, wani bangare ne kawai na yiwuwar adana farashin lissafin girgije.

An rarraba shi

Za'a iya tattara dandalin lissafin girgije daga na'urorin da aka rarraba a wurare daban-daban, waɗanda aka haɗa su da cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya ko sabis na cibiyar. Yana yiwuwa a rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan girgije guda biyu: lissafin jama'a da girgije na sa kai.

• Kwamfuta ta jama'a – Irin wannan girgije da aka rarraba ya samo asali ne daga ma'anar lissafin girgije, saboda sun fi kama da lissafin rarraba fiye da lissafin girgizar. Duk da haka, ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin aji na lissafin girgije.
• Girgije na sa kai – Ana nuna lissafin girgije na sa hannu a matsayin haɗuwa da lissafin jama'a da lissafin girgizar ƙasa, inda aka gina kayan aikin lissafin girji ta amfani da albarkatun sa kai. Kalubale da yawa sun taso daga irin wannan ababen more rayuwa, saboda canjin albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su don gina shi da kuma yanayin da yake aiki a ciki. Hakanan ana iya kiransa girgije-da-tsara, ko girgije na ad-hoc. Wani yunkuri mai ban sha'awa a irin wannan hanyar shine Cloud@Home, yana da niyyar aiwatar da kayan aikin lissafin girgije ta amfani da albarkatun sa kai da ke ba da samfurin kasuwanci don karfafa gudummawa ta hanyar maido da kuɗi.

Multicloud shine amfani da sabis na lissafin girgije da yawa a cikin gine-gine guda ɗaya don rage dogaro da masu siyarwa guda ɗaya, ƙara sassauci ta hanyar zabi, ragewa da bala'o'i, da dai sauransu. Ya bambanta da girgije mai haɗari saboda yana nufin sabis na girgije da dama, maimakon hanyoyi masu yawa (na jama'a, masu zaman kansu, gado).^[61][62]

Poly

Poly cloud yana nufin amfani da girgije na jama'a da yawa don manufar amfani da takamaiman ayyuka da kowane mai ba da sabis ke bayarwa. Ya bambanta da Multi cloud a cikin cewa ba a tsara shi don kara sassauci ko rage gazawar ba amma ana amfani dashi don ba da damar ƙungiyar ta cimma fiye da yadda za a iya yi tare da mai ba da sabis ɗaya.^[63]

Babban bayanai

Batutuwan canja wurin bayanai da yawa zuwa girgije da kuma tsaro na bayanai da zarar bayanan suna cikin girgije da farko sun hana karɓar girgije don manyan bayanai, amma yanzu yawancin bayanai sun samo asali ne daga girgije kuma tare da zuwan sabobin ƙarfe, girgije ya zama ^[64] mafita ga lokuta na amfani ciki har da nazari kasuwanci da nazarin geospatial. ^[65]

HPC girgije yana nufin amfani da ayyukan lissafin girgije da ababen more rayuwa don aiwatar da aikace-aikacen lissafi mai inganci (HPC). ^[66] Wadannan aikace-aikacen suna cinye adadi mai yawa na ƙarfin lissafi da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma ana aiwatar da su a al'ada a kan tarin kwamfutoci. A cikin 2016 kamfanoni da yawa, ciki har da R-HPC, Amazon Web Services, Univa, Silicon Graphics International, Sabalcore, Gomput, da Penguin Computing sun ba da girgije mai aiki mai girma. Penguin On Demand (POD) girgije yana ɗaya daga cikin sabis na farko na HPC mai nisa wanda ba a ba da shi ba a kan biyan kuɗi.^[67][68] Penguin Computing ta ƙaddamar da girgije na HPC a cikin 2016 a matsayin madadin Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, wanda ke amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. ^[69][70]

Gine-gine

Tsarin samfurin lissafin girgije

Gine-ginen girgije, ^[71] tsarin tsarin tsarin software da ke da hannu a isar da lissafin girgije, yawanci ya haɗa da Abubuwan girgije da yawa da ke sadarwa tare da juna a kan hanyar haɗuwa mai sauƙi kamar layin saƙo. Elastic tanadi yana nuna hankali a cikin amfani da tsananin ko haɗin kai kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi ga hanyoyin kamar waɗannan da sauransu.

Injiniyan girgije

injiniya girgije shine aikace-aikacen horo na injiniya na lissafin girgije. Yana kawo tsarin tsari ga manyan damuwa na kasuwanci, daidaitawa da shugabanci a cikin ciki, haɓaka, aiki da kiyaye tsarin lissafin girgije. Hanyar da ke da fannoni da yawa ce da ke kunshe da gudummawa daga fannoni daban-daban kamar tsarin, software, yanar gizo, aiki, Injiniyan fasahar bayanai, tsaro, dandamali, haɗari, da injiniyan inganci.

A cewar International Data Corporation (IDC), kashe kudi na duniya a kan ayyukan lissafin girgije ya kai dala biliyan 706 kuma ana sa ran ya kai dala tiriliyan 1.3 nan da shekara ta 2025.^[72] Gartner ya kiyasta cewa kashe kuɗin ƙarshen masu amfani da ayyukan girgije na duniya zai kai dala biliyan 600 nan da shekara ta 2023.^[73] A cewar wani rahoto na McKinsey & Company, farashin girgije yana karkatar da kuma shari'ar amfani da kasuwanci mai daraja suna ganin fiye da dala tiriliyan a cikin EBITDA a duk kamfanonin Fortune 500 kamar yadda za a kama a cikin 2030.^[74] A cikin 2022, fiye da dala tiriliyan 1.3 a cikin kudaden IT na kamfanoni sun kasance a cikin gungumen azaba daga canjin zuwa girgije, suna ƙaruwa zuwa kusan dala tiriliyon 1.8 a cikin 2025, a cewar Gartner. ^[75]

Sadarwa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta 2012 ta gano batutuwa da yawa waɗanda ke hana ci gaban kasuwar lissafin girgije: ^[5]: Sashe na 3^{:Section 3}

• Rarrabawar kasuwar dijital guda ɗaya a duk faɗin EU
• damuwa game da kwangila ciki har da ajiya game da samun dama da mallaka, ɗaukar bayanai, da sarrafa canji
• bambance-bambance a cikin ka'idojin da suka dace da lissafin girgije

Sadarwa ta tsara jerin "ayyukan ajanda na dijital" wanda Hukumar ta ba da shawarar aiwatar da shi don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwa mai kyau da tasiri don ayyukan lissafin girgije.^{[5]:Pages 6–14}

manazarta

1. Ray, Partha Pratim (2018). "An Introduction to Dew Computing: Definition, Concept and Implications - IEEE Journals & Magazine". IEEE Access. 6: 723–737. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2775042. S2CID 3324933.
2. Montazerolghaem, Ahmadreza; Yaghmaee, Mohammad Hossein; Leon-Garcia, Alberto (September 2020). "Green Cloud Multimedia Networking: NFV/SDN Based Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation". IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking. 4 (3): 873–889. doi:10.1109/TGCN.2020.2982821. ISSN 2473-2400. S2CID 216188024. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
3. Wray, Jared (2014-02-27). "Where's The Rub: Cloud Computing's Hidden Costs". Forbes (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
4. "Are rainy days ahead for cloud computing?". BBC News (in Turanci). 2024-06-27. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
5. European Commission, Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe, COM(2012) 529 final, page 3, published 27 September 2012, accessed 26 April 2024
6. White, J. E. (1971). "Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval at UCSB". doi:10.17487/RFC0105. Archived from the original on 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-03-21. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
7. "Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) – beta". 24 August 2006. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
8. Qian, Ling; Lou, Zhigou; Du, Yujian; Gou, Leitao. "Cloud Computing: An Overview". Retrieved 19 April 2021.
9. "Windows Azure General Availability". The Official Microsoft Blog. Microsoft. 2010-02-01. Archived from the original on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
10. "Announcing General Availability of AWS Outposts". Amazon Web Services, Inc. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
11. "Remote work helps Zoom grow 169% in one year, posting $328.2M in Q1 revenue". TechCrunch (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
12. "What is Cloud Computing?". Amazon Web Services. 2013-03-19. Archived from the original on 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
13. Baburajan, Rajani (2011-08-24). "The Rising Cloud Storage Market Opportunity Strengthens Vendors". It.tmcnet.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
14. Oestreich, Ken (2010-11-15). "Converged Infrastructure". CTO Forum. Thectoforum.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
15. "Recession Is Good For Cloud Computing – Microsoft Agrees". CloudAve. 2009-02-12. Archived from the original on 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
16. "Defining 'Cloud Services' and "Cloud Computing"". IDC. 2008-09-23. Archived from the original on 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
17. "State of the Art [[:Samfuri:Pipe]] e-FISCAL project". www.efiscal.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-04-19. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
18. Farber, Dan (2008-06-25). "The new geek chic: Data centers". CNET News. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
19. "Jeff Bezos' Risky Bet". Business Week. Archived from the original on 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
20. He, Qiang, et al. "Formulating Cost-Effective Monitoring Strategies for Service-based Systems." (2013): 1–1.
21. King, Rachael (2008-08-04). "Cloud Computing: Small Companies Take Flight". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 2010-08-07. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
22. Bruneo, Dario; Distefano, Salvatore; Longo, Francesco; Puliafito, Antonio; Scarpa, Marco (2013). "Workload-Based Software Rejuvenation in Cloud Systems". IEEE Transactions on Computers. 62 (6): 1072–1085. doi:10.1109/TC.2013.30. S2CID 23981532.
23. "Economies of Cloud Scale Infrastructure". Cloud Slam 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-06-10. Retrieved 13 May 2011.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
24. Marston, Sean; Li, Zhi; Bandyopadhyay, Subhajyoti; Zhang, Juheng; Ghalsasi, Anand (2011-04-01). "Cloud computing – The business perspective". Decision Support Systems. 51 (1): 176–189. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.006.
25. Nouri, Seyed; Han, Li; Srikumar, Venugopal; Wenxia, Guo; MingYun, He; Wenhong, Tian (2019). "Autonomic decentralized elasticity based on a reinforcement learning controller for cloud applications". Future Generation Computer Systems. 94: 765–780. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.11.049. S2CID 59284268.
26. Mills, Elinor (2009-01-27). "Cloud computing security forecast: Clear skies". CNET News. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
27. Marko, Kurt; Bigelow, Stephen J. (10 Nov 2022). "The pros and cons of cloud computing explained". TechTarget.
28. Shurma, Ramesh (8 Mar 2023). "The Hidden Costs Of Cloud Migration". Forbes.
29. Ryan, Mark D. (January 2011). "Cloud Computing Privacy Concerns on Our Doorstep". cacm.acm.org. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
30. Indu, I.; Anand, P.M. Rubesh; Bhaskar, Vidhyacharan (August 1, 2018). "Identity and access management in cloud environment: Mechanisms and challenges". Engineering Science and Technology. 21 (4): 574–588. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.010.
31. "Google Drive, Dropbox, Box and iCloud Reach the Top 5 Cloud Storage Security Breaches List". psg.hitachi-solutions.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
32. "Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security pros". Network World. 2010-02-22. Archived from the original on 2024-04-26. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
33. "The Bumpy Road to Private Clouds". 2010-12-20. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
34. Kanaker, Hasan; Karim, Nader Abdel; Awwad, Samer A. B.; Ismail, Nurul H. A.; Zraqou, Jamal; Ali, Abdulla M. F. Al (2022-12-20). "Trojan Horse Infection Detection in Cloud Based Environment Using Machine Learning". International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (in Turanci). 16 (24): 81–106. doi:10.3991/ijim.v16i24.35763. ISSN 1865-7923. S2CID 254960874 Check |s2cid= value (help).
35. Nelson, Michael R. (2009). "The Cloud, the Crowd, and Public Policy". Issues in Science and Technology. 25 (4): 71–76. JSTOR 43314918. Archived from the original on 2022-09-10. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
36. "Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS)". Gartner IT Glossary. Gartner. Archived from the original on 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
37. Gartner; Massimo Pezzini; Paolo Malinverno; Eric Thoo. "Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS". Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
38. Loraine Lawson (3 April 2015). "IT Business Edge". Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
39. Enterprise CIO Forum; Gabriel Lowy. "The Value of Data Platform-as-a-Service (dPaaS)". Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
40. "HVD: the cloud's silver lining" (PDF). Intrinsic Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
41. Sun, Yunchuan; Zhang, Junsheng; Xiong, Yongping; Zhu, Guangyu (2014-07-01). "Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks (in Turanci). 10 (7): 190903. doi:10.1155/2014/190903. ISSN 1550-1477. S2CID 13213544.
42. "Use OneDrive with Office". Microsoft Support. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
43. Alex Williams (11 October 2012). "Kii Cloud Opens Doors For Mobile Developer Platform With 25 Million End Users". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
44. Aaron Tan (30 September 2012). "FatFractal ups the ante in backend-as-a-service market". Techgoondu.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
45. Dan Rowinski (9 November 2011). "Mobile Backend As A Service Parse Raises $5.5 Million in Series A Funding". ReadWrite. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
46. Pankaj Mishra (7 January 2014). "MobStac Raises $2 Million in Series B To Help Brands Leverage Mobile Commerce". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
47. "built.io Is Building an Enterprise MBaas Platform for IoT". programmableweb. 2014-03-03. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
48. Miller, Ron (24 Nov 2015). "AWS Lambda Makes Serverless Applications A Reality". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
49. "Self-Run Private Cloud Computing Solution – GovConnection". govconnection.com. 2014. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
50. "Private Clouds Take Shape – Services – Business services – Informationweek". 2012-09-09. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09.
51. Haff, Gordon (2009-01-27). "Just don't call them private clouds". CNET News. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
52. "There's No Such Thing As A Private Cloud – Cloud-computing -". 2013-01-26. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26.
53. Rouse, Margaret. "What is public cloud?". Definition from Whatis.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
54. "FastConnect | Oracle Cloud Infrastructure". cloud.oracle.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
55. Schmidt, Rainer; Möhring, Michael; Keller, Barbara (2017). "Customer Relationship Management in a Public Cloud environment - Key influencing factors for European enterprises". HICSS. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017). doi:10.24251/HICSS.2017.513. ISBN 9780998133102. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
56. "What is hybrid cloud? - Definition from WhatIs.com". SearchCloudComputing (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
57. Butler, Brandon (2017-10-17). "What is hybrid cloud computing? The benefits of mixing private and public cloud services". Network World (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2019-08-11.
58. "Mind the Gap: Here Comes Hybrid Cloud – Thomas Bittman". Thomas Bittman. 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
59. "Business Intelligence Takes to Cloud for Small Businesses". CIO.com. 2014-06-04. Archived from the original on 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
60. Désiré Athow (24 August 2014). "Hybrid cloud: is it right for your business?". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
61. Rouse, Margaret. "What is a multi-cloud strategy". SearchCloudApplications. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
62. King, Rachel. "Pivotal's head of products: We're moving to a multi-cloud world". ZDnet. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
63. Gall, Richard (2018-05-16). "Polycloud: a better alternative to cloud agnosticism". Packt Hub (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-11-11. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
64. Roh, Lucas (31 August 2016). "Is the Cloud Finally Ready for Big Data?". dataconomy.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
65. Yang, C.; Huang, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, K.; Hu, F. (2017). "Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges". International Journal of Digital Earth. 10 (1): 13–53. Bibcode:2017IJDE...10...13Y. doi:10.1080/17538947.2016.1239771. S2CID 8053067.
66. Netto, M.; Calheiros, R.; Rodrigues, E.; Cunha, R.; Buyya, R. (2018). "HPC Cloud for Scientific and Business Applications: Taxonomy, Vision, and Research Challenges". ACM Computing Surveys. 51 (1): 8:1–8:29. arXiv:1710.08731. doi:10.1145/3150224. S2CID 3604131.
67. Eadline, Douglas. "Moving HPC to the Cloud". Admin Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
68. "Penguin Computing On Demand (POD)". Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
69. Niccolai, James (11 August 2009). "Penguin Puts High-performance Computing in the Cloud". PCWorld. IDG Consumer & SMB. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
70. "HPC in AWS". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
71. "Building GrepTheWeb in the Cloud, Part 1: Cloud Architectures". Developer.amazonwebservices.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
72. "IDC Forecasts Worldwide "Whole Cloud" Spending to Reach $1.3 Trillion by 2025". Idc.com. 2021-09-14. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
73. "Gartner Forecasts Worldwide Public Cloud End-User Spending to Reach Nearly $500 Billion in 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
74. "Cloud's trillion-dollar prize is up for grabs". McKinsey. Archived from the original on 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
75. "Gartner Says More Than Half of Enterprise IT Spending in Key Market Segments Will Shift to the Cloud by 2025". Archived from the original on 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07-25.

1. The European Commission has observed that locations of data and processes "[do] not in principle have to concern the user", but they may have "an important bearing on the applicable legal environment".^[5]