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Kotun yara
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Kotun yara, wanda aka fi sani da Kotun matasa masu laifi ko Kotun yara, kotun ce da ke da iko na musamman don yanke hukunci game da laifuka da yara da ba su kai shekaru ba. A mafi yawan tsarin shari'a na zamani, ana bi da yara da suka aikata laifi daban da manya na shari'a waɗanda suka aikata wannan laifi.
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Kasashe masu masana'antu sun bambanta da ko ya kamata a tuhumi yara a matsayin manya don manyan laifuka ko kuma a yi la'akari da su daban. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ana gwada kananan yara a matsayin manya don mayar da martani ga "karin aikata laifukan yara". Har yanzu ba za a iya tuhumar matasa masu laifi ba a matsayin manya. Ana iya gurfanar da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai ko fyade, ta hanyar kotun manya a Ingila.[1] Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2007, babu wani bayanan Amurka da ya ba da rahoton ainihin adadin masu laifi na yara da aka gurfanar da su a matsayin manya.[2] Sabanin haka, kasashe irin su Ostiraliya da Japan suna cikin matakan farko na bunkasa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen adalci na matasa masu kyau a matsayin jinkiri daga kotun manya.[2]
A duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karfafa kasashe su sake fasalin tsarin su don dacewa da tsarin da "duk al'umma [ya kamata] tabbatar da ci gaban jituwa na matasa" duk da halayyar laifi da za ta iya haifar da matsaloli. Fata ita ce ta haifar da "adalci mai kyau ga yara". Duk da duk canje-canjen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, dokoki a aikace ba su da kyau.[1] Canje-canje a cikin mahallin da ya dace suna haifar da batutuwan aiwatarwa a cikin gida, kuma laifukan kasa da kasa da matasa suka aikata suna haifar da ƙarin tambayoyi game da amfanin shari'o'i daban-daban ga yara.
Batutuwan shari'ar yara sun sami shahara a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Kamar yadda duniya ta ci gaba a cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, tambayoyi game da adalci, musamman game da kare haƙƙin yara a cikin kotunan yara, sun zo gaba. Manufofin duniya a kan wannan al'amari sun sami karbuwa mai yawa, kuma an sami canjin al'adu gaba ɗaya zuwa magance masu laifi na yara daidai da wannan yanayin. [1]