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[[Category:articles
with short description]]
Toto | |
---|---|
Samfuri:Script, তোতো | |
Samfuri:Photomontage The word "Toto" in Toto and Bengali script | |
Yanki | West Bengal |
Ƙabila | Toto |
'Yan asalin magana | 1,411 (2014)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Baƙaƙen rubutu | Bengali script and Toto (script) |
Lamban rijistar harshe | |
ISO 639-3 |
txo |
Glottolog |
toto1302 [2] |
Samfuri:Contains special characters Toto (Bengali: তোতো, Toto: Samfuri:Script)Yaren Sino-Tibet ne da ake magana a kan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan, ta kabilar Toto a Totopara, West Bengal tare da iyaka da Bhutan. Hakanan ana magana a Subhapara, Dhunchipara, da Panchayatpara hilllocks akan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan a gundumar Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (Ethnologue).
UNESCO ta jera Toto a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske, mai yiwuwa masu magana 1,000. Koyaya, yawancin iyalai a cikin al'umma suna magana Toto a gida. Yawancin yara suna koyon Toto a gida, kodayake suna amfani da Bengali a makaranta.
Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropological na Indiya (AnSI) ta shirya gudanar da bincike a kan harshen kabilar Toto, wanda yawansu ya ragu zuwa 1,536, ba su fahimci cewa harshen ya fi ƙabilanci ba. Masu bincike da kuma membobin al’ummar Toto sun yarda cewa harshen na fuskantar barazana kuma tasirin wasu harsuna, musamman Nepali da Bengali, na karuwa kowace rana.[3]
Aikin Harsunan Himalayan yana aiki akan zanen nahawu na farko na Toto.
Toto ya ƙunshi ƙananan wayoyi 25, waɗanda 19 baƙaƙe ne shida kuma wasula ne. Wayoyin wannan harshe sune kamar haka:
Wasula
Akwai wayoyi guda shida a cikin harshen Toto: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. Ana iya rarraba su:
Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa suna tabbatar da matsayin sautin wasali:
/i/~/e/
/iŋ/ 'dan'uwan suruki', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'
/ciwa/ 'Tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (tufafi)
/i/~/a/
/guJi/ 'mujiya', vs. /guJa/ 'aljihu'
/nico/ 'wuta', vs. /naco/ 'biyu'
/i/~/u/
/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'tsuntsu'
/ei/~/əi/
/e/~/a/
/lepa/ 'kwakwalwa', vs. /lapa/ 'Ganye betel na daji'
/kewa/ 'haihuwa', vs. /kawa/ 'sauti'
/e/~/o/
/je/ 'ciyawa', vs. /jo/ 'nono'
bi..[1]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | aspirated | plain | aspirated | |||||
Stop | voiceless | p | pʰ | t | tʰ | c | k | |
voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | ||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
Trill | r |
A ƙasa akwai wasu kalmomin Toto daga van Driem (1995), wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi don ba da shawarar cewa Toto na iya zama harshen Sal..[4]
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
first person | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
second person | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
third person | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
English numeral | bare stem for counting | counting humans | counting animals | inanimate objects |
---|---|---|---|---|
one | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
two | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
three | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
four | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
five | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
six | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
seven | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
eight | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
nine | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
ten | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
eleven | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
twelve | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
twenty | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
twenty-one | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
thirty | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
forty | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
fifty | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
sixty | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
Toto script Samfuri:Script | |
---|---|
Type |
alphabet
|
Languages | Toto |
Creator | Dhaniram Toto |
Published |
2015
|
Direction | Samfuri:ISO 15924 direction |
Unicode alias | Samfuri:ISO 15924 alias |
Unicode range | U+1E290–U+1E2BF |
An buga rubutun haruffan da dattijon al'umma kuma marubuci, Dhaniram Toto ya haɓaka don harshen a cikin 2015, kuma ya ga iyakance amma ana ƙara amfani da shi a cikin adabi, ilimi, da lissafi; Mafi mahimmanci, an ƙara haruffan Toto zuwa ma'auni na Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021. Kafin buga wannan rubutun, Dhaniram Toto da sauran membobin al'umma (waɗanda adadin karatunsu kamar yadda binciken samfurin da aka gudanar a 2003 ya kasance kawai 33.64 bisa dari). ) rubuce-rubucen littattafai da kasidu a cikin rubutun Bengali.[3]
:
Samfuri:Unicode chart Toto
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