Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa

  Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa wani nau'i ne na haƙƙoƙin da ke kare ' yancin ɗan adam daga cin zarafi daga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da masu zaman kansu. Suna tabbatar da damar mutum ya shiga cikin rayuwar farar hula da siyasa ta al'umma da jiha ba tare da nuna bambanci ko danniya ba.

Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Haƙƙoƙi da Hakkokin Yan-adam

 

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da tabbatar da amincin jiki da tunanin mutane, rayuwa, da amincin mutane; kariya daga wariya bisa dalilai kamar jima'i, launin fata, yanayin jima'i, asalin ƙasa, launi, shekaru, alaƙar siyasa, ƙabila, zamantakewa, addini, da nakasa; ^[1] da haƙƙin mutum kamar sirri da yancin tunani, magana, addini, jarida, taro, da motsi.

Haƙƙoƙin siyasa sun haɗa da adalci na dabi'a (daidaitacce) a cikin doka, kamar haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma, gami da yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya; tsari; 'yancin neman gyara ko maganin shari'a; da haƙƙin shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da siyasa kamar 'yancin ƙungiyoyi, 'yancin yin taro, 'yancin kai ƙara, 'yancin kare kai, da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a.

Haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa sune asali da babban ɓangaren haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. ^[2] Sun ƙunshi kashi na farko na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (tare da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu wanda ya ƙunshi kashi na biyu). Ka'idar tsararraki uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam suna ɗaukar wannan rukunin haƙƙoƙin a matsayin "haƙƙin ƙarni na farko", kuma ka'idar haƙƙin mara kyau da tabbatacce suna ɗaukar su gabaɗaya haƙƙin mara kyau.^[3]

Tarihi

Kalmar "haƙƙin jama'a" fassarar Latin ce ta jus civis (dama na ɗan ƙasa). ’Yan ƙasar Romawa na iya zama ko dai ’yanci (libertas) ko kuma masu hidima (servitus), amma dukansu suna da hakki a doka. ^[4] Bayan Dokar Milan a shekara ta 313, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da ’yancin yin addini; duk da haka, a cikin 380, Dokar Tasalonika ta buƙaci dukan batutuwa na Daular Roma su yi ikirarin Kiristanci na Katolika. ^[5] Koyarwar shari'a ta Romawa ta ɓace a tsakiyar zamanai, amma ana iya yin da'awar haƙƙoƙin duniya bisa koyarwar Kirista. A cewar jagororin Tawayen Kett (1549), “dukkan bayi za a iya ’yantar da su, gama Allah ya ‘yantar da duka da zubar da jininsa mai tamani.”

A karni na 17, alkali mai shari'a na Ingila Sir Edward Coke ya farfado da ra'ayin 'yancin da ya danganci zama dan kasa ta hanyar jayayya cewa a tarihi 'yan Ingila sun ji daɗin irin waɗannan hakkoki. Majalisar Ingila ta amince da Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi a cikin 1689. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da George Mason da James Madison suka zana a lokacin da suke tsara Dokar Haƙƙin Virginia a 1776.^[6] Sanarwar Virginia ita ce kakanni kai tsaye kuma abin ƙira ga Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka (1789).^{[7][ana buƙatar hujja]}

Cire ta hanyar doka ta haƙƙin farar hula ya ƙunshi "nakasassu na farar hula". A farkon ƙarni na 19 na Biritaniya, kalmar nan "haƙƙin jama'a" galibi ana magana ne akan batun irin wannan wariya na shari'a ga Katolika. A cikin House of Commons an raba goyon baya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da 'yan siyasa da yawa sun yarda da nakasassun farar hula na Katolika. Dokar Bayar da Agaji ta Roman Katolika ta 1829 ta maido musu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

A Amurka, kalmar yancin ɗan adam tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam (1954-1968), waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Kare hakki

TH Marshall ya lura cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na cikin waɗanda aka fara gane su kuma aka tsara su, sannan haƙƙoƙin siyasa suka biyo baya kuma har yanzu ta haƙƙin zamantakewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki ne kuma an haɗa su cikin lissafin haƙƙoƙin ko makamancin haka. An kuma bayyana su a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar 1948 na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights da 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Ba a buƙatar a tsara haƙƙoƙin jama'a da na siyasa don a kiyaye su. Koyaya, yawancin dimokuradiyya a duniya suna da tabbacin rubuce-rubuce na haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa. Ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin haƙƙoƙin halitta. Thomas Jefferson ya rubuta a cikin A Summary View of the Rights of British America cewa "mutane masu 'yanci [da'awar] hakkokinsu kamar yadda aka samo daga dokokin yanayi, kuma ba a matsayin kyautar babban alkalin su ba."

Tambayar kan wanene hakkin jama'a da na siyasa ya shafi batun cece-kuce. Ko da yake a ƙasashe da yawa 'yan ƙasa suna da kariya mafi girma daga keta haƙƙoƙi fiye da waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba, ana ɗaukar haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa a matsayin haƙƙoƙin duniya da ya shafi kowa da kowa.

A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., yin nazari kan musabbabi da rashin kariya daga take hakin bil Adama a Kudancin Duniya ya kamata a mai da hankali kan mu’amalar abubuwan cikin gida da na kasa da kasa—wani muhimmin hangen nesa da aka saba yin watsi da shi bisa tsari. adabin ilimin zamantakewa. ^[8]

Manazarta

1. Summary of LGBT civil rights protections, by state, at Lambda Legal, lambdalegal.org
2. A useful survey is Paul Sieghart, The Lawful Rights of Mankind: An Introduction to the International Legal Code of Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 1985.
3. A useful survey is Paul Sieghart, The Lawful Rights of Mankind: An Introduction to the International Legal Code of Human Rights , Oxford University Press, 1985.
4. Mears, T. Lambert, Analysis of M. Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and, p. 75.
5. Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, p. 703.
6. "Human Rights: 1500–1760 – Background" . Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
7. Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, p. 703.
8. Regilme, Salvador Santino F. Jr. (3 October 2014). "The Social Science of Human Rights: The Need for a 'Second Image Reversed'?". Third World Quarterly . 35 (8): 1390–1405. doi :10.1080/01436597.2014.946255 . S2CID 143449409 .Empty citation (help)