Bugawa ko da turanci (Publishing) shine aikin samar da bayanai, adabi, kiɗa, software da sauran abubuwan da ake samarwa ga jama'a don siyarwa ko kyauta. A al'adance, kalmar tana nufin ƙirƙira da rarraba ayyukan bugu, kamar littattafai, jaridu, da mujallu. Tare da zuwan tsarin bayanan dijital, iyakokin ya fadada don haɗawa da wallafe-wallafen lantarki kamar littattafan ebooks, mujallu na ilimi, micropublishing, shafukan yanar gizo, Blogs, buga wasan bidiyo, da makamantansu.
Masana'antar wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci ta fito ne daga manyan kamfanoni na duniya kamar Bertelsmann, RELX, Pearson da Thomson Reuters zuwa dubban ƙananan masu zaman kansu. Yana da rarrabuwa daban-daban kamar ciniki/buga bugu na almara da na almara, wallafe-wallafen ilimi (k-12) da bugu na ilimi da kimiyya. Gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke ɗaukar bugawa don buƙatun gudanarwa ko bin doka, kasuwanci, bincike, shawarwari ko muradun jama'a. [1] Wannan na iya haɗawa da rahotanni na shekara-shekara, rahoton bincike, binciken kasuwa, taƙaitaccen bayani game da manufofin da rahotannin fasaha . self-publishing ya zama ruwan dare.
"Mawallafi" na iya komawa zuwa kamfani ko ƙungiya, ko kuma mutumin da ke jagorantar kamfanin bugawa, bugawa, na lokaci-lokaci ko jarida.
Tsarin wallafe-wallafen da ya shafi yawancin mujallu, mujallu da masu wallafa littattafai sun haɗa da: (Mataki dabam-dabam suna aiki ga nau'ikan mawallafa daban-daban)
- Commissioning
- Writing
- Copy editing
- Design
- Copywriting
- Typesetting
- Proofreading
- Correction cycles
- Indexing
- Final corrections
- Web publishing
- Prepress
- Printing
- Post press
- Distribution
- Marketing
Buga jarida
Jaridu a kai a kai ana tsara wallafe-wallafen da ke gabatar da labarai na baya-bayan nan, yawanci akan wata takarda mai tsada da ake kira newsprint. Yawancin jaridu ana sayar da su da farko ga masu biyan kuɗi, ta wuraren sayar da labarai ko kuma ana rarraba su azaman jaridu masu tallafi na talla. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu bugawa a Amurka masu buga jaridu ne.
Periodical publishing
Yawanci, wallafe-wallafen lokaci-lokaci ya ƙunshi wallafe-wallafen da ke fitowa a cikin sabon bugu akan jadawalin yau da kullum. Jaridu da mujallu biyu ne na lokaci-lokaci, amma a cikin masana'antar, ana ɗaukar bugu na lokaci-lokaci a matsayin reshe daban wanda ya haɗa da mujallu har ma da mujallu na ilimi, amma ba jaridu ba. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu bugawa a Amurka suna buga kasidu (ba tare da jaridu ba). [2] Laburare da al'ummomin kimiyyar bayanai sukan koma zuwa lokaci-lokaci azaman jeri.
Buga journal
Mujalla bugu ne na ilimi ko fasaha kuma ana samun su ta sigar dijital, mai ɗauke da labaran da masu bincike, furofesoshi da masana suka rubuta. Waɗannan wallafe-wallafen sun keɓanta a wani fanni kuma galibi suna tura iyakokin ilimin ɗan adam. Yawancin lokaci suna da matakan bita na tsara kafin bugawa don gwada inganci da ingancin abun ciki.
Buga mujallu
Mujalla jita-jita ce da ake bugawa a lokaci-lokaci tare da shimfidu masu ƙirƙira, daukar hoto da zane-zane waɗanda suka shafi wani batu ko sha'awa. Ana samun su a cikin bugu ko tsarin dijital kuma ana iya siyan su akan apps/websites kamar Readly ko ana samunsu kyauta akan apps/shafukan yanar gizo kamar Issuu.
Buga littafi
Masana'antar buga littattafai ta duniya tana da sama da dala biliyan 100 na kudaden shiga na shekara, ko kuma kusan kashi 15% na masana'antar watsa labarai gabaɗaya.
Ana kiran masu buga littattafai masu fa'ida don yin hidima ga jama'a a matsayin "masu buga kasuwanci." Masu buga littattafai suna wakiltar ƙasa da kashi shida na masu wallafa a Amurka. Yawancin litattafai ana buga su ta ƴan ƙalilan manyan masu buga littattafai, amma akwai dubban ƙanana masu buga littattafai. Yawancin masu buga littattafai ƙanana da matsakaita sun ƙware a takamaiman yanki. Bugu da ƙari, dubban mawallafa sun ƙirƙira kamfanonin bugawa kuma sun buga nasu ayyukan. A cikin buga littafin, mawallafin littafin shine ƙungiyar da aka yiwa rajista ISBN a cikin sunan littafin. Mai buga rikodin yana iya ko a'a shine ainihin mawallafin.
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