forme de nationalisme extrême et exacerbé De Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre
L'ultranationalisme (peut être orthographié ultra-nationalisme et également appelé nationalisme extrême, nationalisme radical et nationalisme fanatique) est un néologisme pour désigner une forme de nationalisme extrême et exacerbé, jadis appelée chauvinisme. Il s'est popularisé au XXesiècle. Il est souvent lié au racisme, à la xénophobie, à l'irrédentisme et au revanchisme dans laquelle un pays affirme ou maintient une hégémonie, une suprématie ou d'autres formes de contrôle préjudiciables sur d'autres nations (généralement par la coercition violente) pour poursuivre ses intérêts spécifiques[1],[2].
Les partis ultra-nationalistes sont parfois considérés comme illégaux dans certains pays, marginalisés dans d'autres, mais ont pignon sur rue dans de nombreux autres États.
Ces mouvements s'opposent à la présence de puissances étrangères et à leurs influences dans leurs pays respectifs, se caractérisant par une forte radicalité qui peut mener à l'ultraviolence contre ce qu'ils pensent être des «périls» qui «détruisent petit à petit la nation».
L'historien américain Walter Skya a écrit dans Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism que l'ultranationalisme au Japon s'inspirait des croyances spirituelles shintoïstes traditionnelles et des attitudes militaristes concernant l'identité raciale de la nation. Au début du XXe siècle, le fanatisme résultant de cette combinaison de nationalisme ethnique et de nationalisme religieux a provoqué une opposition à la gouvernance démocratique et un soutien à l'expansion territoriale japonaise. Skya a particulièrement noté dans son travail le lien entre ultranationalisme et violence politique en citant comment, entre 1921 et 1936, trois anciens et deux premiers ministres du Japon ont été assassinés . Le gouvernement totalitaire japonais des années 1930 et 1940 ne s'est pas seulement appuyé sur les encouragements de l'armée du pays, il a également reçu un large soutien populaire[3].
La dictature absolue du dirigeant roumain Nicolae Ceausescu a également été décrite comme un exemple de communisme adoptant une approche ultranationaliste par Haaretz. La publication israélienne a cité l' antisémitisme du dictateur en termes d'actions telles que son déni historique de l'Holocauste . Ceausescu a également fait des efforts pour purger les Roumains d'origine juive des postes d'autorité politique[4].
Haaretz a également qualifié le Premier ministre hongrois Viktor Orban d'ultranationaliste, en raison de ses opinions sur le régime autocratique et l'identité raciale, en particulier la condamnation publique par Orban du "mélange racial"[4].
L'irrédentisme russe, dans lequel un État impérial militant qui s'étend à la fois en Asie et en Europe sans tenir compte des frontières internationales actuelles est proposé, a été décrit comme de l'ultranationalisme par la publication américaine le Los Angeles Times, les actions agressives du président russe Vladimir Poutine étant créditées comme une évolution des arguments politiques qui ont été avancés par de multiples personnalités dans le passé. Les exemples incluent Nicolas Berdiaev, Alexandre Douguine (l'auteur de Fondamentaux de géopolitique), Lev Goumilev, et Ivan Iline. Le journal a souligné les justifications qui ont été données à l'appui de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022, citant la déclaration de Poutine selon laquelle il doit combattre militairement un "empire du mensonge" créé par les États-Unis afin de justifier leur désir d'étouffer la Russie[5].
Le néo-ottomanisme turc, qui soutient l'impérialisme économique turc ainsi que l'influence turque dans les anciens pays qui furent sous domination ottomane.
Le nationalisme révolutionnaire, qui se veut sociétalement conservateur et traditionaliste tout en étant progressiste au niveau social et économique. C'est une forme socialisante et anti-impérialiste de l'ultranationalisme.
(en) «Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition», sur The Times, : «A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel’s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor»
Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai, «Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election», Myanmar Now, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
Journalism and ethics: breakthroughs in research and practice (IGI Global, Information Resources Management Association), Hershey, Pennsylvania, , 585p. (ISBN978-1-5225-8360-8, OCLC1096219393, lire en ligne)
Freedom in the world: the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001 (Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team), Piscataway, N.J., Transaction Pub, , 171p. (ISBN0-7658-0101-9, OCLC48233321)
Racial and ethnic economic inequality: an international perspective (Samuel L. Myers, Bruce P. Corrie), New York, Lang, , 205p. (ISBN0-8204-5656-X, OCLC52312447)
(en) Steven Erlanger et Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura, «E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms», New York Times, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
J. L. Black, Michael Johns et Alanda Theriault, The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield, (ISBN9781498576376, lire en ligne), p.14
Gordon M. Hahn, Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War", Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland, (ISBN9781476628752, lire en ligne), p.191
Peter Ronald deSouza, India's Political Parties, SAGE, , p.19:
«The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three»
«Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan’s New Era Name – Analysis», sur eurasia review, : «The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP’s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.»
«The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ...»
Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices, Springer, (ISBN9781137392510, lire en ligne):
«... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).»
The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991, M.E. Sharpe, (ISBN9781563241093), p.1992:
«On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ...»
Michael Minkenberg, Depleting Democracies, Manchester University Press, :
«PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory»
History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History, Springer Nature, (ISBN9789811984020, lire en ligne), p.59:
«Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8).»
The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide, Greenwood Press, (ISBN9780313342356), p.360:
«In particular , Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia ( Yedinaya Rossiya ) and Ours ( Nashi , or Youth Movement - Ours! ).»
Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; (ISBN1910781878), p.87.
(en) Věra Stojarová et Peter Emerson, «Political parties in Serbia», sur bochsler.eu, Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich
«Escaping Ethnocentrism: The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa», sur Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right, : «Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa’adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny.»
(en) Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai, «Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election», Myanmar Now, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
(en) «Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections», The Sofia Globe, (lire en ligne, consulté le ):
«Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria’s July 11 2021 parliamentary elections under the name “Bulgarian Patriots”, the parties announced on May 20.»
(en) Emmanouil Tsatsanis, Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece, vol.16, , 11–31p. (DOI10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, S2CID143633586), chap.1:
«...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi).»
(en) Elisabeth Ivarsflaten, Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, (lire en ligne), p.15
Sharon Weinblum, Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse, Routledge, (ISBN978-1-317-58450-6, lire en ligne), p.10
«.2 Tous les partis politiques existants se sont «volontairement» dissous, remplacés par un seul corps politique autorisé, l’ultranationaliste Imperial Rule Assistance Association.»
(pt) Abel Djassi Amado, «The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party», Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies, , p.132 (lire en ligne):
«L’União Nacional a été initialement fondée comme une «ligue patriotique», chargée de renforcer le soutien au régime militaire. Dès son arrivée au pouvoir en 1932, Salazar a réorganisé le parti selon son image idéologique et politique pour qu'il repose sur les deux piliers de l'ultranationalisme et du corporatisme.»
Sabrina P. Ramet, Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, (ISBN9780847683246), p.128:
«...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...»
«The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement»
«THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK», Texas Observer, (lire en ligne):
«As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases.»
«Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila»
(en) Eimear O'Connor, Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland, Carysfort Press, (ISBN978-1904505419), p.36
«Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack», Sydney Morning Herald, (lire en ligne):
«An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu»
«Abe's cabinet reshuffle», sur East Asia Forum, : «Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.»
(en) «Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine», South China Morning Post, (consulté le ) : «Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the “national consciousness” surrounding the prosecution of Japan’s war criminals and to change the nation’s pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes “patriotic education”.»
«... and many don’t speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan’s very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously.»
(en) «Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down», Japan Times, (lire en ligne, consulté le ):
«The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization’s influence.»
(en) González Flores et José Gustavo, «The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists», Culturales, vol.3, no1, , p.49–76 (ISSN1870-1191, lire en ligne)
Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts. Tomas Kavaliauskas. Lexington Books. 2012. (ISBN9780739174111). Chapter 4, page 60.
(en) Dominic Alessio et Kristen Meredith, «Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League», Social Identities, vol.20, no1, , p.104–118 (DOI10.1080/13504630.2013.843058)
(en) Humeyra Pamuk, «U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization», U.S. News & World Report, (lire en ligne, consulté le )