نرگال (سومری : 𒀭𒄊𒀕𒃲 d KIŠ.UNU یا d GÌR.UNU.GAL ؛ ؛ آرامی : ܢܸܪܓܲܠ؛ لاتین : Nirgal ) خدایی بینالنهرینی بود که پرستش او در تمامی دورههای تاریخ بینالنهرین از زمان دوره آغازین دودمانی تا امپراتوری بابل نو رایج بود؛ اسنادی نیز به دست آمده که نشانگر باقی ماندن آیین او در دوره امپراتوری هخامنشی است.
نقش برجستهٔ پارتی از نرگال در شهر باستانی هترا در عراق
نرگال و ارشکیگال
به گفته آلهنا گادوتی، این ایده که ارشکیگال قرار بوده با همسرش پادشاهی بر جهان مردگان را اشتراک گذارد از قطعهای به بابلی باستان، بیلگمس و جهان زیرین ، شناخته شده است. در این متن، آنو و انلیل جهان زیرین را «به عنوان جهیزیه، سهم او از ارث پدری، به او میدهند که تا زمان ازدواجش در اختیارش باشد».
Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. (1994). "Texts from Tell Haddad and Elsewhere" . Iraq . British Institute for the Study of Iraq. 56 : 35–43. doi :10.2307/4200383 . ISSN 0021-0889 . JSTOR 4200383 . Retrieved 2023-07-18 .
Archi, Alfonso (2013). "The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background" . In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.). Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman . Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-11-6 . OCLC 882106763 .
Archi, Alfonso (2019). "Šamagan and the Mules of Ebla. Syrian Gods in Sumerian Disguise". Between Syria and the Highlands: studies in honor of Giorgio Buccellati & Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati . Rome: Arbor Sapientiae editore. ISBN 978-88-31341-01-1 . OCLC 1137837171 .
Artemov, Nikita (2012). "The elusive beyond: Some notes on the netherworld geography in Sumerian tradition". Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von Pascal Attinger . Fribourg Göttingen: Academic Press Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-7278-1724-3 . OCLC 811590755 .
Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources (PDF) . Academic Press Fribourg. ISBN 978-3-7278-1738-0 .
Bhayro, Siam (2020-02-10). "Cosmology in Mandaean Texts". Hellenistic Astronomy . BRILL. pp. 572–579. doi :10.1163/9789004400566_046 . ISBN 9789004243361 . S2CID 213438712 .
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992). "Kissik, Düru and Udannu" . Orientalia . GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press. 61 (4): 400–424. ISSN 0030-5367 . JSTOR 43076061 . Retrieved 2023-07-18 .
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period . Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. ISBN 978-90-04-13024-1 . OCLC 51944564 .
Borger, Rykle (2004). Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (به آلمانی). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 3-86835-043-8 . OCLC 693659136 .
Brewer, E. C. (1895). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Giving the Derivation, Source, Or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that Have a Tale to Tell . Cassell. Retrieved 2022-02-07 .
Buccellati, Giorgio (2002). "Royal inscriptionst" . Urkesh.org . Retrieved 2022-02-07 .
Da Riva, Rocío (2010). "Dynastic Gods and Favourite Gods in the Neo-Babylonian Period" . Concepts of kingship in antiquity: proceedings of the European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop, held in Padova, November 28th-December 1st, 2007 . Padova Winona Lake, Ind: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria Distributed by Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-88-95672-01-4 . OCLC 664134580 .
Drijvers, H. J. W. (1980). Cults and Beliefs at Edessa . Boston: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-29562-9 . OCLC 965157502 .
Gadotti, Alhena (2020). "Never Truly Hers: Ereškigal's Dowry and the Rulership of the Netherworld". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions . Brill. 20 (1): 1–16. doi :10.1163/15692124-12341309 . ISSN 1569-2116 . S2CID 225667868 .
George, Andrew R. (1992). Babylonian Topographical Texts . Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Departement Oriëntalistiek. ISBN 978-90-6831-410-6 . Retrieved 2022-06-23 .
George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia . Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-80-3 . OCLC 27813103 .
George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple Rituals from Babylon". Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert . Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-004-0 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 .
George, Andrew R. (2003). The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts . Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814922-0 . OCLC 51668477 .
George, Andrew R. (2012). "Nergal and the Babylonian cyclops" . Bibliotheca Orientalis . 69 (5–6). Retrieved 2022-03-19 .
George, Andrew R. (2013). "The Poem of Erra and Ishum: A Babylonian Poet's View of War" (PDF) . Warfare and Poetry in the Middle East . I.B.Tauris. doi :10.5040/9780755607969.ch-002 . ISBN 978-1-78076-362-0 .
Haas, Volkert (2015). Geschichte der hethitischen Religion . Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (به آلمانی). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29394-6 . Retrieved 2022-06-23 .
Heffron, Yaǧmur (2016), "Nergal (god)" , Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses , Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy
Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2011), "Šimut" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-05
Katz, Dina (2003). The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources . Bethesda, MD: CDL Press. ISBN 1883053773 . OCLC 51770219 .
Klein, Jacob (1998), "Namtar" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Kraeling, Emil G. H. (1925). "The Early Cult of Hebron and Judg. 16:1-3" . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . University of Chicago Press. 41 (3): 174–178. doi :10.1086/370066 . ISSN 1062-0516 . JSTOR 528698 . S2CID 171070877 . Retrieved 2022-02-07 .
Krebernik, Manfred (1987), "Mamma, Mammi, Mammītum" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Krebernik, Manfred (2005), "d PALIL(IGI.DU)" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie (به آلمانی), retrieved 2023-07-17
Krebernik, Manfred (2013), "Tadmuštum" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Krebernik, Manfred (2014), "d U.GUR" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Krebernik, Manfred (2016), "Zwillingsgottheiten" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie (به آلمانی), retrieved 2023-07-17
Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk . Brill. doi :10.1163/9789004364943_004 . ISBN 9789004364936 .
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980), "Kammuš" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983), "Lāgamāl" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983a), "Laṣ" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987), "Lugal-edinna" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987a), "Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2023-07-17
Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian creation myths . Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-861-9 . OCLC 861537250 .
Michalowski, Piotr (2013), "Šubula" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-06
Münnich, Maciej M. (2013). The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East . Orientalische Religionen in der Antike: Ägypten, Israel, Alter Orient. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-152491-2 . Retrieved 2023-07-17 .
Nakata, Ichiro (1995). "A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in the Old Babylonian Texts from Mari" . Orient . The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan. 30–31: 234–253. doi :10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234 . ISSN 1884-1392 .
Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia . Münster: Ugarit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-019-7 . OCLC 460044951 .
Peterson, Jeremiah (2009a). "Two New Sumerian Texts Involving The Netherworld and Funerary Offerings" . Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie . 99 (2). doi :10.1515/ZA.2009.006 . S2CID 162329196 .
Peterson, Jeremiah (2015). "An Adab Composition of Nergal/Meslamtaea at Lagaš and Ĝirsu for Šulgi" . Journal of Cuneiform Studies . University of Chicago Press. 67 (1): 45–63. doi :10.5615/jcunestud.67.2015.0045 . ISSN 0022-0256 . S2CID 164471894 .
Pomponio, Francesco (1998), "Nabû A. Philological" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-02
Potts, Daniel T. (2010). "Elamite Temple Building" . From the foundations to the crenellations : essays on temple building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible . Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-031-9 . OCLC 618338811 .
Powell, Marvin A. (2005), "Fruits, vegetables A. I. In Mesopotamia" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-07
Rutherford, Ian (2019). "Gods of the Market Place. Merchants, Economics and Religious Innovation" . Economy of religions in Anatolia from the early second to the middle of the first millennium BCE . Proceedings of an International Conference in Bonn (23rd to 25th May 2018). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-313-6 . OCLC 1150637988 .
Seidl, Ursula (1989). Die babylonischen Kudurru-reliefs: Symbole mesopotamischer Gottheiten . Orbis biblicus et orientalis (به آلمانی). Universitätsverlag. ISBN 978-3-7278-0603-2 . Retrieved 2022-06-23 .
Sharlach, Tonia (2002). "Foreign Influences on the Religion of the Ur III Court" . General studies and excavations at Nuzi 10/3 . Bethesda, Md: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-68-4 . OCLC 48399212 .
Stol, Marten (1987), "Lugal-Marada" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie (به آلمانی), retrieved 2022-06-23
Streck, Michael P. (2014), "Vegetation deities A. I. Philological. In Mesopotamia" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-05
Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia . Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447058858 .
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998), "Nergal A. Philological" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-05
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998a), "Nergal B. Archaeological" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-05
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998b), "Nin-azu" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-05
Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998c), "Nin-šubur" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie , retrieved 2022-02-05
Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). The Hurrians . Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-442-5 . OCLC 21036268 .
Wilhelm, Gernot (2014), "Ulamme" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie (به آلمانی), retrieved 2022-06-23
Wilhelm, Gernot (2014a), "Urkeš" , Reallexikon der Assyriologie (به آلمانی), retrieved 2022-06-23
Woods, Christopher (2009). "At the Edge of the World: Cosmological Conceptions of the Eastern Horizon in Mesopotamia" . Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions . Brill. 9 (2): 183–239. doi :10.1163/156921109x12520501747912 . ISSN 1569-2116 .
Wyatt, Nick (2007). Word of tree and whisper of stone: and other papers on Ugaritian thought . Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-716-2 . OCLC 171554196 .
Zaia, Shana (2017). "CCP 6.7.B - Weidner's God List B - Cuneiform Commentaries Project" . Digital Object Identifier System . Retrieved 2022-02-07 .
Zólyomi, Gabor (2010). "Hymns to Ninisina and Nergal on the Tablets Ash 1911.235 and Ni 9672" . Your praise is sweet : a memorial volume for Jeremy Black from students, colleagues and friends . London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq. ISBN 978-0-903472-28-9 . OCLC 612335579 .
"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon" . The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon . 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-07 .