خیشومی نرم‌کامی واک‌دار

خیشومی نرمکامی یک صامت است که در گفتار برخی از زبان‌های جهان به کار می‌رود. نماد این همخوان در الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی ⟨ŋ⟩ است.^[۱]

ŋ
تصویر
شماره IPA	119
کدبندی
محتوا (اعشاری)	ŋ
یونیکد (شانزدهتایی)	U+014B
الفبای آوایی	N
کیرشنبام	N
نمایش بحث ویرایش

در زبان کردی جنوبی(زبان لکی، کلهری، گورانی، فیلی) نیز کاربرد دارد، واکه فوق هنگام چسبیدن "ن " و "گ " صدای نون تو دماغی فوق را دارد که نمونه انگلیسی آن مثل ring یا among تلفظ می‌شود مانند واژه‌های کردی مانْگْ، دَنْگْ

نمونه

زبان		واژه	IPA	معنی	توضیحات
آلبانیایی		ngaqë	[ŋɡacə]	'چونکه'
آلیوتی[۲]		chaang	[tʃɑːŋ]	'پنج'
عربی	بعضی لهجه‌ها	إنکار‎	[ʔɪŋˈkʰɑːr]	'نپذیرفتن'	Allophone of /n/ before /k/; more commonly realized as [n].
ارمنی	شرقی[۳]	ընկեր	[əŋˈkɛɾ]	'دوست'	Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
آسامی		ৰং	[rɔŋ]	'رنگ'
بامبارایی		ŋonI	[ŋoni]	'گیتار'
باشقیری		мең / meñ	[mɪ̞ŋ]	'نه'
باسکی		hanka	[haŋka]	'ران'
بنگالی		রঙ	[rɔŋ]	'رنگ'
بلغاری[۴]		тънко	[ˈtɤŋko]	'باریک، نازک'
کاتالانی[۵]		sang	[ˈsaŋ(k)]	'خون'
کردی جنوبی		مانگا	[maŋa]	'ماده گاو'	این صامت در تمام گویش‌های کردی جنوبی (لکی،‌ گورانی، کلهوری،‌ کرماشانی، کلیایی،‌ فیلی، زنگنه‌ای،‌ خزلی، سنجابی، کرندی، گروسی، ملکشاهی، ...) وجود دارد.
Chinese	Cantonese	昂	[ŋɔːŋ˩]	'raise'	See Cantonese phonology
	Eastern Min	疑	[ŋi]	'suspect'
	Gan	牙	[ŋa]	'tooth'
	Hakka	我	[ŋai]	'I'
	Mandarin	北京	[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]	'Beijing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology
	Northern Min	外	[ŋui]	'outside'
	Southern Min	黃	[ŋ̍]	'yellow'	Only in colloquial speech.
	Sichuanese	我	[ŋɔ]	'I'
	Wu	五	[ŋ˩˧]	'five'
	Xiang	熬	[ŋau]	'to boil'
	Yuci dialect of Jin	我	[ŋie]	'I'
Chukchi		ӈыроӄ	[ŋəɹoq]	'three'
Czech		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'	See Czech phonology
Dinka		ŋa	[ŋa]	'who'
Danish		sang	[sɑŋˀ]	'song'	See Danish phonology
Dutch[۶]		angst	[ɑŋst]	'fear'	See Dutch phonology
English		sing	[sɪŋ]	'sing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroese		ong	[ɔŋk]	'meadow'
Fijian		gone	[ˈŋone]	'child'
Filipino		ngayón	[ŋaˈjon]	'now'
Finnish		kangas	[ˈkɑŋːɑs]	'cloth'	Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French[۷]		camping	[kɑ̃piŋ]	'camping'	Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Galician		unha	[ˈuŋa]	'one' (f.)
German		lang	[laŋ]	'long'	See Standard German phonology
Greek		άγχος/anchos	['aŋxo̞s]	'Stress'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew	Standard	אנגלית‎	[aŋɡˈlit]	'English language'	Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
	Sephardi	עין	[ŋaˈjin]	'Ayin'	See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynon		buang	[bu'äŋ]	'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustani		रंग / رنگ‎	[rəŋɡ]	'color'	See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarian		ing	[iŋɡ]	'shirt'	Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		göng	[ˈkœy̯ŋk]	'tunnel'	See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian		bangun	[bäŋʊn]	'wake up'
Inuktitut		ᐴᙳᐆᖅ/puunnguuq	[puːŋŋuːq]	'dog'
Inuvialuktun		qamnguiyuaq	[qamŋuijuaq]	'snores'
Irish		a nglór	[ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]	'their voice'	Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[۸]		anche	[ˈaŋke]	'also'	Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology
Itelmen		қниң	[qniŋ]	'one'
Japanese	Standard	南極/nankyoku	[naŋkʲokɯ]	'the South Pole'	See Japanese phonology
	Eastern dialects[۹]	鍵/kagi	[kaŋi]	'key'
Kagayanen[۱۰]		manang	[manaŋ]	'older sister'
Kazakh		мың/myń	[məŋ]	'thousand'
Kyrgyz		миң	[miŋ]	'thousand'
Ket		аяң	[ajaŋ]	'to damn'
Khasi		ngap	[ŋap]	'honey'
Korean		방/bang	[pɐŋ]	'room'	See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[۱۱]		keng	[kʰæŋ]	'nobody'	See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		aнглиски	[ˈaŋɡliski]	'English'	Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology
Luganda		ŋaaŋa	[ŋɑːŋɑ]	'hornbill'
Malay		bangun	[bäŋon]	'wake up'
Malayalam[۲]		മാങ്ങ	[maːŋŋɐ]	'mango'
Māori[۱۲]		ngā	[ŋaː]	'the'
Marathi		रंग	[rəŋə]	'colour'	See Marathi phonology
Mari		еҥ	[jeŋ]	'human'
Nganasan		ӈаӈ	[ŋaŋ]	'mouth'
Nivkh		ңамг	[ŋamɡ]	'seven'
North Frisian	Mooring	kåchelng	[ˈkɔxəlŋ]	'stove'
Norwegian		gang	[ɡɑŋ]	'hallway'	See Norwegian phonology
Punjabi		ਵੰਙ	[vəŋ]	'bangle'
Persian		رنگ‎	[ræːŋ]	'color'	See Persian phonology
Pipil		nemanha	[nemaŋa]	'later'
Polish[۱۳]		bank	[bäŋk]	'bank'	Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[۱۴][۱۵] See Polish phonology
Portuguese		manga	[ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ]	'mango'	Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
Occitan	Provençal	vin	[viŋ]	'wine'
Rapanui		hanga	[haŋa]	'bay'	Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
Romanian	Țara Moților Transylvanian[۱۶]	câine	[kɨŋi][stress?]	'dog'	Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[۱۷]		stanka	[stâːŋka]	'pause'	Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ/.[۱۷] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Seri		comcáac	[koŋˈkaak]	'Seri people'
Shona		nanga	[ŋaŋɡa]	'witch doctor'
Slovene		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'
Spanish[۱۸]	All dialects	domingo	[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]	'Sunday'	Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Spanish phonology
	Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Latin American dialects	alquitrán	[alkitˈɾaŋ]	'tar'	Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Swahili		ng'ombe	[ŋombɛ]	'cow'
Swedish		ingenting	[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]	'nothing'	See Swedish phonology
Tamil		இங்கே	[iŋgeː]	'here'
Thai		งาน	[ŋaːn]	'work'
Tuamotuan		rangi/ragi	[raŋi]	'sky'
Tundra Nenets		ӈэва	[ŋæewa]	'head'
Turkish		Ankara	[ˈaŋkaɾa]	'Ankara'	Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		müň	[myŋ]	'thousand'
Uzbek		ming	[miŋ]	'thousand'
Venetian		man	[maŋ]	'hand'
Vietnamese[۱۹]		ngà	[ŋaː˨˩]	'ivory'	See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh		rhwng	[r̥ʊŋ]	'between'
West Frisian		kening	[ˈkeːnɪŋ]	'king'
Yi		ꉢ/nga	[ŋa˧]	'I'
Yup'ik		ungungssiq	[uŋuŋssiq]	'animal'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[۲۰]	yan	[jaŋ]	'neck'	Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

منابع

1. Velar nasal. (2016, February 12). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:11, February 21, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velar_nasal&oldid=704566293
2. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
3. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
4. Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Retrieved 31 July 2013.
5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
6. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
7. Wells (1989), p. 44.
8. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
9. Okada (1999), p. 118.
10. Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
11. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
12. Reed (2001).
13. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
14. Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
15. Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
16. Pop (1938), p. 31.
17. Landau et al. (1999:67)
18. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
19. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
20. Merrill (2008), p. 109.